Analysis Of Hills Like White Elephants - 1517 Words

Shivani Patel Hum 101-007 King, Paul 5 December 2015 Female Disempowerment in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† Ernest Hemingway uses his in-depth ability of foreshadowing to provide the reader with little information on the stories background or future events to come. At first glance, the discussion that takes place in story seems like a minor argument between a couple at a train station in Spain. However, upon deeper analysis, this piece takes a stab at one of the touchiest subject’s world-wide - abortion. The female protagonist in this story, Jig, is pregnant and her partner, an American man, wants no part of the typical settled-down lifestyle. For some time the two have traveled around Europe with no true home and no set future. To him, this is the only way to live. The woman, however, sees a future at some point in time with a husband and children. Getting pregnant, to her, is a sign that the transition point in her life has come and she is rea dy to embrace it. The man, however, is unable to embrace this passage and uses his power to manipulate the woman in the direction of acquiring an abortion. The ways in which he abuses his power and coerces Jig to obey his will are devious and wobbly. From the very beginning, the man asserts his dominance and is relentless in his approach of dominating Jig. For one thing, the man is able to speak Spanish, and it becomes clear when the couple orders drinks and he isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1911 Words   |  8 PagesC2C Eric J Holm 10 Dec 2015 Dr. Van Nort Final Essay: â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Jig’s Abortion through the Historical and Textual Lens â€Å"I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 213). In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† an abortion is debated through subtleties, similes, and symbols. The abortion is never explicitly mentioned, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader to conclude what this â€Å"simple operation† really is (213)Read MoreHills Like White Elephants Analysis1803 Words   |  8 PagesSubject The text â€Å"Letting the air into a relationship: Metaphorical Abortion in ‘Hills Like White Elephants† by Wyche David aims at analyzing and synthesizing the short story by Hemingway â€Å"Hills like White†. The analysis would provide new knowledge to readers of the short story or provide the readers with a new point of view of analyzing it. The subject of the text is to present his ideas on the short story and well as critique other critics who had previously critiqued it. The story illustratesRead More Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Hills Like White Elephants â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story published in 1927 that takes place in a train station in Spain with a man and a woman discussing an operation. Most of the story is simply dialogue between the two characters, the American and Jig. This couple is at a critical point in their lives when they must decide whether or not to have an abortion. Certain themes arise from this story such as choices and consequences, doubtRead MoreStory Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants723 Words   |  3 PagesHills Like White Elephants Erich Auerbach wrote Mimesis in 1953 and used his theories about foreground and background to help in his analysis and understanding of the story of Odysseus. His analysis is appropriate for this one story but can also be applied to other stories wherein the truth of the tale is not expressed directly (Auerbach 3). Authors can instill additional meaning through the text by the tone that is set and the way dialogue is written. Background and foreground in this contextRead MoreCritical Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants923 Words   |  4 PagesMikhail Shimonov Professor Kaufman March 28, 2011 Critical Analysis of Hills like White Elephants At first glance, Hills like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway, may allude to many interpretations, however, the short story has a clear purpose. Set in the Ebro River valley in Spain, the story looms around the issue brought forth by Jig and the American, who is nameless throughout the whole story. The issue here being the ‘simple operation’ that Jig is about to undergo which happens to be anRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 993 Words   |  4 PagesEnerest Hemingway’s short story titled Hills Like White Elephants, is a story that may seem as simple and plain as if not much is going on. However, the story is actually very intricate; the author was able to say a lot without using many words. The story is about a conversation between a man and girl who are waiting for a train in Spain. The couple are both distressed about how they should make a decision of whether to keep their baby, or terminate the pregnancy. Hemingway is able to say indirectlyR ead MoreFormalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants825 Words   |  4 PagesIn an analysis of the story â€Å"Hills like white elephants† by Ernest Hemmingway, one is forced to take a deep look at the hidden meanings embedded in the story. Considering the point of view, the significance of the location and its relevance to the story, the structure of the text, the symbolic meaning of the two landscapes and the title of the story, the entrails of the story are exposed. Hemmingway’s story is written in an objective or dramatic point of view. The story is told primarily throughRead MoreHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants Analysis773 Words   |  4 Pagesthem. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants,† a novel by Ernest Hemingway demonstrates this everyday struggle perfectly. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants,† is a short story about a conversation between an American man and a woman as they wait at a train for a train to Madrid. The couple obligingly discuss whats implied to be an abortion that the man wants the girl to have however her decision on whether to go through with it could heavily impact the future of their relatio nship. In â€Å"Hills like White Elephants,† ErnestRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants1435 Words   |  6 PagesMany who have read â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† can agree that it is a hard story to comprehend. The meaning is hidden and has to be deciphered. When I found out the meaning I was blown away. I had no clue the story was about abortion. There are many views on whether the girl wants to go through with it or if the â€Å"American man† is forcing her. There are many facts that point to the conclusion that the man is forcing the girl to commit abortion. The language, tone and the setting all point to this

Hong Kong Reflections By John Carroll - 2205 Words

HONG KONG REFLECTIONS A Concise History Of Hong Kong was a prequel to one of the most fascinating places I have ever traveled to. Going through history class, and growing up, I had heard many stories of Hong Kong, China, Britain, and Japan, but I never realized how intertwined they truly were and how their stories were really told. John Carroll did a remarkable job setting the scene for what Hong Kong was, where they had been, and how they made it through all of it and came out with their own identity. Hong Kong is a bustling cosmopolitan city with many distinct features that separate it from a traditional Chinese territory. Hong Kong or the Fragrant Harbor is on the southern most coast, situated in between the Pearl River Estuary and†¦show more content†¦In reality, the picture in my head could not have been more wrong. Just after arrival on January 2, 2016, we got to really experience the gigantic proportion of the Hong Kong airport as compared to our little hub in Tulsa. After our time in the airport, we finally got on our journey to Kowloon Peninsula to our hotel. The MTR ride was very enlightening, and I remember feeling like a child in awe and merriment at all the fantastic sites that were before my eyes. I took a deep breath and promised myself that regardless of what happened and no matter what I would not ruin my trip with any negative thoughts. Professor Weaver reinforced this when he said, â€Å"you do not have to like it, but I encourage you to try it, and no whining†. I was going to try and replay everything that I had read and researched prior to the trip and see if I could remember the significance of the sites. Making my top ten list was a great way of making us choose what we felt was important for our journey and then going back and marking them off one by one. Sunday January 3, 2016, we were up early after a very long day of travel and a short night’s sleep. We gathered as a group and ventured to C3 church Hong Kong. We met a phenomenal woman Ming who was delightful from the first smile and handshake we received. Ming was a positive and a very devoted follower of God. Her Christianity spewed from her pores, but she was never in your face. She was a genuine and

Abbey Road by The Beatles free essay sample

Abbey Road. The Beatles final studio album..and one of their masterpieces. From the soothing tune of George Harrisons Something, to the rock and roll beat of John Lennons Come Together, this album is sure to please the Beatlemaniac and hater (yes, hater!) alike. My favorite track on this album has to be Here Comes the Sun. Its a sweet melody with hopeful lyrics. Its sure to cheer you up, so if youre ever feeling gloomy, this is the song for you. Yes, all the tracks, but this one is my personal favorite. If you are ever looking for something new and vaied, pick Abbey Road up and give it a try. Its sure to a favorite as it has been for millions of people from around thee globe. Abbey Road by The Beatles free essay sample In the beginning of the 1960s, America entered mass hysteria. This one was not caused by Orson Welles. It was caused by four young, talented boys from Liverpool, England. The Beatles consisted of Paul McCartney, who played bass, John Lennon, who played guitar, George Harrison, who also played guitar, and Ringo Starr, who played drums. 73 million people watched the Ed Sullivan Show as the Beatles played such classics as All My Loving and Till There Was You. Later on, in 1969, the album Abbey Road was released. The iconic cover shows the Beatles walking across a zebra crosswalk in front of Abbey Road, their recording studio. Even now, people walk across this to get their picture taken. There is actually an app that is a webcam of the Abbey Road crosswalk. This album was sadly the last album that the Beatles recorded together. The album featured awesome songs like Come Together, Something, Oh! Darling, and Here Comes the Sun. We will write a custom essay sample on Abbey Road by The Beatles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ringo wrote and sang lead vocals in the Yellow Submarine’s sequel, Octopus’s Garden. Ironically, Ringo had his first drum solo in a Beatles song in The End. After The End, a 23 second tune by Paul called Her Majesty plays, making it the shortest Beatles song. I love the Beatles. They are my and millions of other people’s favorite band. Abbey Road was released about a year before the Beatles broke up, and during their peak of fame and fans. My favorite songs on this album are Here Comes the Sun, Oh! Darling, Maxwell’s Silver Hammer, and The End. I like Here Comes the Sun because it is light, happy, and warm. Oh! Darling and Maxwell’s Silver Hammer have excellent vocals, both by Paul, and The End has an amazing use of instruments and great vocals. In conclusion, Abbey Road is a masterpiece. It is cool, powerful, and extraordinary, just like every one of their albums. You have not truly lived until you have listened to the Beatles. No band will ever be better than they were and still are. Abbey Road by The Beatles free essay sample When someone mentions the Beatles, what exactly do you think of? Do you think of a revolution in music? How the very standards of music were raised? Or do you think about a bunch of young lads that really needed a haircut? Well, no matter what it is that you think, these Fab Four gave music a whole new meaning. Right at the start of their careers in 1963 they were taking the charts by storm. Beginning with their album Please Please Me, records were flying off the shelves and their songs covering the charts. It is to no surprise that every single album of theirs has been critically acclaimed, making it difficult to review such masterworks. However, one album in particular sticks out from the rest of them. Recorded in 1969 and released the same year, Abbey Road is truly what music is all about. The lyrics were astounding, the beats unmatched and the meaning beyond compare. We will write a custom essay sample on Abbey Road by The Beatles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was the greatest example of how a band should have ended its careers. Interesting to note, this was the very last Beatles album to be done. Most tend to think that Let It Be was their last work, which it technically was being that it was released in 1970 (the same year they would break up); however, the making of Abbey Road took place AFTER the completion of Let It Be. The Beatles decided to release it before Let It Be because they fault that Let It Be appealed more to how they wanted to go. In fact, the very last song on Abbey Road is titled, â€Å"The End.† The album starts off with the song â€Å"Come Together†, which has become an anthem among fans as a song all about overcoming our differences and joining together in peace. It really drew the listener in quickly with its memorable bass line and unique drums sounds as contributed by McCartney and Starr, and with obscure, yet intriguing, lyrics by Lennon. Top it off with a simple yet addicting guitar riff by Harrison and you have already invited the listener to sit down and enjoy the next forty-five minutes of this record. Following the first track was the song â€Å"Something†, a piece contributed by Harrison to his then girlfriend Olivia and the greatest example of a love song. Due to its romantic lyrics and deep emotional meaning, it turned out to be one of the Beatles most successful songs. Frank Sinatra once quoted saying that Something is, â€Å"the greatest love song ever written.† Rest assured, shortly after Olivia ended up marrying George. Abbey Road was known to be one of the most experimented on records by the Beatles, and the song â€Å"Maxwell’s Silver Hammer† really proved that point. It was the first song to feature a synth and was panned by Lennon who quoted it as a â€Å"meaningless song about destruction and murder.† However, the most creative and well done song done for the album was â€Å"The Melody†. The Melody was composed of many short songs, those of which have been completed or uncompleted, and each previous song playing into the next. It starts out with You Never Gave Me Your Money, beginning with soft piano guys and a light bass/guitar riff and, at first, is a slow song but slowly progresses into a very jazzy and swinging song. This song demonstrated the band’s skills in being able to change the tempo and beat of a song without making it sound awkward or obvious. It slowly led into Sun King, a very soft and a track best described as a cross between easy-listening and country and sounds almost as if you are in a dream floating amongst the clouds as the beat gently beats you to sleep, but don’t sleep for long because the tempo is very unpredictable as it quickly picks up and leads into a three part song series made up of Mean Mr. Mustard, Polythene Pam and She Came In Through The Bathroom window. Just when you thought you finally figured out the song structure, you begin to hear the sound of a piano playing and joining with the sound of Paul’s heavenly and smooth voice, and finally mixed in with classical instruments to give you a tranquil and blissful lullaby which I consider the best contribution to Abbey Road; Golden Slumbers. This song would break up the Melody into two parts, with the final three tracks known as the Golden Slumbers Melody. The final song on the album, and the last song that the Beatles would work on together, was appropriately titled â€Å"The End†. The song picks up fast after the previous two slow songs and is the only Beatles song to feature a drum solo by Starr. They really went all out for this song as all the instruments combined to make a very fast and heavy sound, and they made it work well. With Paul’s voice booming through the microphone, he started to sing a song with one simple message, a m essage that will forever stay with me until the day I die; in the end, the love you take is equal to the love you make.

Jane Hodgson Vs. Minnesota Essays - Jane Elizabeth Hodgson

Jane Hodgson Vs. Minnesota Ravi Singhvi September 10, 2000 Legal Brief Title: Dr. Jane Hodgson v. Minnesota U.S. 417 Legal Issue: Whether or not Dr. Jane Hodgson actions were justifiable and if Minnesota's law against abortion is unconstitutional. Facts: According to Minnesota law Dr. Jane Hodgson performed an illegal abortion on April 29, 1970 on a Nancy Kay Widmyer. Dr. Jane Hodgson believed that the constitutional right of privacy is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. She was arrested, tried and convicted of breaking Minnesota law on abortions. Arguments: The Minnesota law on abortions was infringing on the rights of privacy. If whether or not a few cells could be considered a human or not, Dr Hodgson was more concerned with the mother than a few cells in the body which would have let to life. The difficult life a baby with birth defects would have to live with it and the troubles the family would have to go through dealing with the child. Counter Argument: Against Minnesota law. Judgment: Chief Judge Edward J. Devitt, Judge Charles J. Vogel, along with Judge Philip Neville split 2-1. Judge Vogel dissented without leaving behind an opinion. While the other two judges verdict indicted Dr. Hodgson. The United States Supreme Court denied the appeal, because they did not want to interfere with a subject such as abortion. After the case of Roe v. Wade Dr. Hodgson's indictment was reversed. Holding: The state supreme courts Judges were strict Catholics making their opinion tainted. The state believed federal judges shouldn't interfere with state decisions. Roe v. Wade proves that a right to a woman's privacy is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. Dr. Hodgson also argued out a case proving that it would be socially and family destructive if teens must tell their parents of their abortions 48 hours before. The law was later repealed and it was up to the teenager to inform her guardians. Conclusion: Dr. Jane Hodgson helped the entire woman across America to have control over her own pregnancy. Giving them the deciding factor of what they want to do with it weighing out the circumstances and the life of the child. Legal Issues

Company Analysis of Tesco

Company Analysis of Tesco Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze internal opportunities and threats, external strengths and weakness, vision statement and mission statement of Tesco Corporation, example of achieved mission, and recommendation of strategies to develop the organization in future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Company Analysis of Tesco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background of Tesco Corporation Tesco Plc. is the giant of global glossary chain shop operating in fourteen countries and considered as the third largest player in terms of revenue generation. The company originated in UK in 1919 as small grosser and now turned into FTSE 100 Company listed in the LSE annual revenue of  £ 60.93 billion and £ 2.67 billion Net income accounted in 2011. Tesco possesses 2,715 outlets in UK occupying Total area 3,411,586 sq meter space while the company has diversified its business in telecommunication, banking, ICT , club card, beauty salon film producing gold trading and many more sectors with successful record of accomplishment. The company has 2,665 stores with 70,718,000 sq. meter floor space worldwide excluding the total number of UK stores, while the numbers of outlets have been increasing with a remarkable rate of expansion. Tesco’s expansion strategy, strong organisational structure, and core business concept those are the facts that provided the competitive advantages that no other competitors can bid. There are a number of complain about the Tesco’s corporate governance, tax manipulation and corporate social responsibility including workplace environment in third world factories but above all Tesco turned in to a power of the UK society that may not be depress the business environment. However, the following table gives more information about the company List Some Key Features About the Company Stores Tesco has about 4,331 Stores all over the world and among the m 2,306 stores in the national market, 571 stores in Thailand, and 319 stores in Poland to offer wide range of products and services to the target customers Employees Tesco has more than 472000 employees all over the world and it is going to recruit more staff to operate the business more smoothly Tesco Personal Finance It is a combination of the Banking and Insurance service that started operation initially only in UK and in 2003, Tesco decided to buy the 50% share of Royal Bank of Scotland of  £950 million to own the total share of TPF Food It is the largest business segment for Tesco as it offers 40000 food products, such as – 400 ‘Healthy Living’ products which are low in fat and sodium 150 ‘Free From’ product to make life easier for customers with food allergies and intolerances In addition, it offers 40 Special healthy Kids snacks and 1,200 Organic product lines Table 1: Products and services of Tesco Source: Self generated from T esco (1)Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SWOT Analysis of Tesco Corporation: Strengths: Brand Awareness: the main strength of Tesco is the brand awareness of the company as it is the largest grocer of UK and the third largest grocery retailer of the world; Employees: The company has more than 4,72,000 highly educated, enough efficient, and good manner employees including 12 international markets, and it has plan to increase 16,000 employees within very short time; Rapid growth: the market share is growing very rapidly throughout the UK and outside market, for example, according to the report of Datamonitor (14), this company hold 13% market share of the UK retail superstores market. At the same time, market growth of few segments like Tesco personal Finance is outstanding in the local market, Toyota Lotus in Thailand has delivered strong growth in spite of recess ion and adverse political situation, Tesco in Slovakia saw excellent growth, and Malaysia has had an exceptional year though this was not a potential market for Tesco from 2001 Asian crisis; Financial position: Tesco is happy with its performance in recent years as many company suffered huge loss and some companies needed government support but Tesco continues with its own financial strength and never faced loss though the earning has decreased from few segments. In addition, it has strong liquidity percentage and strong asset utilization and managerial efficiency; however, the following figure shows that the share price of the company is quite position in London Stock Exchange Figure 1: Basic Chart of Tesco for 2007 to 2011-05-02 Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Variables 2010 ( £ million) 2009 ( £ million) 2008 ( £ million) 2007 ( £ million) Total assets 46,023 45,564 30,164 24,807 Total liabilities 31,427 32,715 18,349 14,301 Total revenue 56,910 53,898 47,298 42,641 Gross Profit 4,607 4,185 3,630 3,240 Total Operating Costs 53,878 50,940 44,648 40,274 Operating Income or Loss 3,032 2,958 2,650 2,367 Net Income 2,327 2,133 2,124 1,892 Table 2: Financial Overview of Tesco Source: Self generated from Tesco (130) and Yahoo Finance (1) Corporate governance system: many large company has collapsed due to lack of the practice of corporate governance practice but Tesco never faced such position as all the members of board of directors, and auditors are worked with integrity and for the development of the company; Market leader: Tesco was successful to become the market leader in the UK, Technology: It has advance technological support to enhance its profits from its products and service area; as a result, it can offer online purchasing facilities, online baking facilities and maintain customer relation by using advance technology. Shareholders: Shareholders are a key strength of the company as they are generating the ultimate investment ca pacity for the company; however, they consider following factors to invest Tesco Plc 2010 ( £ million) 2009 ( £ million) 2008 ( £ million) 2007 ( £ million) Current Assets 11,765 13,479 6,300 4,576 Current Liabilities 16,015 17,595 10,263 8,152 Working capital = (current assets – current liabilities) 11,765 16,015 = -4250 13,479 17,595 = -4116 6,300 10,263 = -3,963 4,576 8,152 = -3,576 current ratio = Total current assets/ current liabilities 11,765 / 16,015 = 0.73462379 13647 / 18040 = 0.756485588 5992 / 10263 = 0.58384488 4168 / 8158 = 0.511285574 Basic EPS 14.78p 12.97p 26.95p 23.61p Table 3: Ratio analysis of Tesco Source: Self generatedAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Company Analysis of Tesco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Product range: according to the annual report 2009, this company offers wide range of products and services including insurance facilities and credit purchasing facilities. In addition, Tesco personal finance is achieving more and more milestones besides retail services; such as, in 2003 the insurance service achieved 1 million motor insurance policies and other segments like Credit cards, savings, deposit schemes, pet insurance, travel insurance and life insurance are continuously escalating its potential to offer fully operated banking service; Leadership: On the other hand, Tesco has achieved this success for the continuous efforts and capabilities of its top management team, including the CEO of Tesco Terry Leahy who has taken many decisions to increase its performance in global market Tesco’s UK sales are now 71% larger than Sainsbury’s; Quality: Moreover, Tesco always offer high quality products and services for the customer as the company would like create strong loyal customer base. Weaknesses: Dependence on the UK market: Datamonitor (16) reported that Tesco is mostly depends on the UK market (as more th at 73.8% of its revenue generates from the market); Media: Interference of media some time creates hindrance of the business, for instance, the UK TV broadcasted in a documentary on Tesco’s corporate social responsibility and poor personnel morale on the employees by claiming that Tesco encouraged child labour in order to offer low price to the customer. For instance, one of the major sales product of Tesco is Jeans at $4 for rough use and Tesco advertise that purchase our useable low cost Jeans instead of waste money for washing powder, but media claimed that Tesco can offer at $4 only exploit the child labour of Bangladesh. On the other hand, the CEO of Tesco stated that they have no responsibility about their supplier as Tesco never suggest to exploit child labour to reduce production cost, and he further added that they visited the garments of the supplier but found no child labour; Reduction of debt: Tesco’s aggressive expansion strategy limits the corporation to expend money except investing; as a result, debt reduction became problematic, which may adversely affect on the company. Opportunities: Advantage from Recession: Tesco can take advantage of recent economic downturns by changing its strategies; for instance, it can sustain as a global leader by reducing costs, offering at lower price, pushing on with expansion, and increasing total assets value; for example, Tesco (9) reported that the price of land and property has decreased significantly due to recession. International Growth: Tesco personal Finance initially offers online banking facilities only in the national market but Tesco has the opportunity to expand the operation of this segment in international market as it was most successful segment in recessionary period in national market; Health: The sales revenue from health care and beauty products is increasing in the UK market as Tesco is the market leader in both toiletries and healthcare retail sectors along with baby goods markets; therefore, Tesco invests regularly to develop this sectors so it has 19 stores with opticians and almost 200 stores with pharmacies; Further Expansion: According to the annual report of Tesco, it has earned a significant profit from international market particularly from the Korean market; as it can consider further expansion with it various types of new services along with the existing services in Asian, European and American countries; Non-food Retail: The management team of Tesco confirmed that they would continue non-food retail segment as it has generated 23% share from this segment in 2004, Other: Tesco has efficient employees to boost the profit, and it has been experienced satisfactory profit margin all over from retail services those open new dimension to start new business or expand existing business. Threats: Major Competitors: The main threat in retail business of Tesco is the strong competitors of national and international market, for instance, ASDA is the s ubsidiary of Wal-Mart has large market share in the UK market. At the same time, Sainsbury PLC and Morrisons have huge participation in the market those change companies’ strategies regularly in order to develop the market position and gain competitive advantages over the Tesco Plc; Expatriates Management: Tesco has always eager to expand its business all over the world by opening their subsidiary; as a result, the company need to recruit a significant number of employees from the home countries of subsidiary. However, the top management of parent company would like to train all employees to develop their communicational skills to increase sales in international market, but many employees leave their job if they get job at home; therefore, retention of employees is a great challenge for Tesco; Global financial crisis: Tesco has experienced huge lose from some international zone due to the adverse impact of the global financial crisis though net profit has increased each year. In addition, Tesco’s annual sales revenue from few products and service was not outstanding in the UK and global market considering the performance of previous year and investment because the purchasing power of the customer has reduced and they mainly purchased necessary products; Customer Buying behaviour: frequent change of customer mind regarding the product selection is also problem for the retail customer; Price War: As price is the prime attraction that clasps the customer’s attention and primarily inspires them to engage with the promotions carried out; therefore, all competitors try to make sure that the pricing is in fact attractive to the targeted customers, which is one of major challenges for the Tesco Plc; for example, Datamonitor (17) reported that Morrison reduced Safeway’s prices by up to 6%; International expansion: Tesco needs huge amount of investment to enter international market and it has to face high competition in outside of the UK mark et; as a result, Tesco has not generated satisfactory profits from some Asian countries; Other: Natural crisis, foreign direct investment policy of overseas government, unfriendly approach of the government of international market, instable political condition of certain area, factors related with taxation policy, and entry barriers, local regulation and listing requirements have influence on Tesco’s operation in global market. The vision statement and mission statement of Tesco The Vision Statement of Tesco A vision statement is an inspirational explanation of what a business would like to attain or bring about in the mid term or long-standing future it has deliberated to provide an apparent direction for selecting present and upcoming patterns of actions for the company in order to gain the advantage of the market throughout its operational period. However, the main vision of Tesco is to create value for clients to gain their lifetime loyalty by concentrating on the custo mers, understanding and fulfilling their needs and showing responsibility on the community. This company has some other long-tem objectives to achieve the core vision such as Tesco ensures equal opportunity for all employees to get highest outcomes from them, provides guidance to work like a team, and develops mutual understanding by exchanging their views to give the highest satisfaction to the customers. This statement also pointed out that all workers would be treated as part of a large family that indicates Tesco always create excellent environment for the staff to jointly work together as a team member, where they enjoy equal opportunities in terms of salary, pension, leave, and other job facilities. The Mission Statement of Tesco Mission statements are printed assertions of businesses’ central goal and objective that usually stays unaltered over time, acting as sifts to distinguish what is imperative, affirming which markets to penetrate, and transmit a sense of deliber ated roadmap to the whole business; moreover, a mission is something to be accomplished, whereas a vision is something to be pursued for that accomplishment. The mission of Tesco has designed considering the vision statement that is â€Å"to create value for lifetime customer† and the mission of the company is to survive as a market leader in the global financial crisis by offering the best products at lower price to retaining loyal customers. However, this mission statement mainly focused on three short time objectives those are interrelated, such as Overcome from the adverse impact of global financial crisis The customers will come again and again Offer lower price than the competitors Mission that achieved by Tesco and Justification Tesco has already achieved three components in the mission statement and the flowing heads discuss about the mission statement and showed justification about the findings–Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market leader in recession: One of the greatest missions of Tesco was to sustain in the UK market as market leader in the adverse economic environment. According to the annual report 2009 of Tesco, Figure 2: Basic Chart for Tesco Plc vs. Sainsbury Source: Yahoo finance (1) However, the above figure compares the financial position between Tesco Plc and Sainsbury in the stock market, and it represents that Tesco’s share price is much better than Sainsbury’s position in London Stock Exchange (LSE). On the other hand, Datamonitor (14) pointed that Tesco’s sales revenue is highest in the UK market and third position in global market and it generated sales revenue is 71% greater than nearest competitor. At the same time, one of the foremost missions of Tesco was to offer products and services at lowest price in order to target all types of customer for those who want to purchase from this company. From the very beginning, this company followed cost effective strategy and the company reduced its price at highest level in order to protect competitors to capture while it found that competitors is going to draw attention of the customer by their special offer at low price. In order to offer lower price, Tesco has to create strong supply chain by maintaining good relationship with the suppliers, and the management of the company always try to find out low cost suppliers who would provide quality products, such as, Bangladeshi readymade garments suppliers has fame to provide high quality products with low price. On the other hand, Tesco has successfully create large loyal customer base in national and international market by implementing its low cost strategies and it also concentrates on the cultural factors to operate its outlet in foreign countries, which also help the company to retain customers. For instance, the trading conditions of South Korea, China, Ireland have deteriorated due to global financial crisis but the company was reduced operati ng costs and the price of the products, which balance the profitability level as the customers are loyal; as a result, this company regain its market position in those areas within very short period. Suggested Strategies to Tesco for future development This report scrutinise the present strategies of Tesco to recommend the most suitable strategies those the company should follow in near future and this report also suggests some strategies in light of some effective strategic tools to gain competitive advantage over competitors. Ansoff Matrix for Tesco According to the annual report 2009 of Tesco, this company has already positioned it as the UK market leader in retail business and it is in the third position in global market; as a result, it would be easy for Tesco to consider this strategy to develop its business at existing or new market. However, the following figure shows the Ansoff Matrix for Tesco Market penetration: This strategy concentrates on the development of existing products at existing market and it is an effective strategy for Tesco since the customers of existing markets would like its products because they are loyal customers and company has strong brand image, low price and high quality. However, the flowing figure shows the sales of its existing products in existing markets Figure 3: Sales by region Source: Tesco (9) Market Development: Tesco has business operation in 14 countries; therefore, its existing products and service range has bright prospect in other developed countries in the world. In order develop markets in European or Asian countries, Tesco should apply this strategy with their regular price offer as pricing is one of the important factors to the customer as well as company. Figure 4: Ansoff Matrix Source: Self generated from Kotler Armstrong (221) Product Development: Johnson, Kevan and Richard (29) argued that this strategy indicates new product development in existing market and this strategy is effective for the future prospect Tesco. However, Tesco has already developed 500 new products for the UK market in the recessionary period as part of its ‘Discount Brands at Tesco’ initiative, and This company introduced 27 new items for the Malaysia’s stores; Diversification: Tesco should not drive to follow this strategy in this stage, as new products development in existing market is profitable but it not always easy for retailers to develop new product for new markets; however, Tesco can expand its operation in the new areas with existing products. Porters Generic Strategies Cost Leadership Strategy: Tesco always offers lowest price to the target customers, such as, its overall food price has fallen more than 17% from 2000 to 2006 and Tesco restructure its pricing strategy in the period global financial crisis to cut production costs to provide lowest price in the market. At the same time, Tesco should carry on this strategy as market is highly competitive where pricing is the prime factor to retain customers; however, the following figure demonstrates decreasing price in food sector Figure 5: Trend in real food prices since 2000 Source: Tesco (1) Differential strategy: from the above discussion, it is clear that this strategy is fruitful for Tesco as it always eager to offer new products for the national and international customers; therefore, in 2009 it introduces 500 products to save the company from recession; Focus Strategy: As this strategy refers to focus on a narrower market segment through achieving cost advantages, Tesco should not follow this strategy. Lynch’s Expansion Method Matrix This expansion matrix is the process by which the company can select appropriate route of entry; as a result, Tesco can increase its market share both in national and global market by adopting subsequent methods, for example, merger, Acquisition, Joint Venture, alliance, etc. The following diagram shows the expansion method with more information Figure 6: Expansion Method Matrix Sources: Self generated Current Market: According to the annual report 2009 of Tesco, this company is more concentrates on the UK market expansion as more than 70% of its total profit is generated from this market. However, Tesco is increasing its number of outlets in local as well as other 13 countries where it has operation, for instance, in 2008 and 2009, its total stores were 2318 stores and 4331 stores accordingly, but it has now more than 5380 outlets in the current 14 market place, which demonstrates that this is an effective strategy for Tesco. However, the above figure demonstrates some expansion strategy for Tesco to expand the business (such as International, Core UK, Non-food, Retailing Services, and Community) in current national and international market; New Market: It is important to mention that Tesco has business operation only on 14 countries though Tesco is one of the most successful companies in international market. As a resu lt, it should start operation in new zone for example it can start operation in Singapore and Hong Kong as Tesco has experienced to operate successfully in Chinese market and Korean market; however, it can develop its market by joint venturing with local competitors or applying other mode of entry strategies. Datamonitor. Tesco a Corporate Profile. 2004. Web. http://people.exeter.ac.uk/wl203/BEAM011/Materials/Lecture%204/TESCO%20Company%20Profile.pdf. Johnson, Gerry, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington. Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text Cases. London: FT Prentrice Hall, 2008. Print. Kotler, Philip, and Armstrong Gary. Principles of Marketing. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall, 2006. Print. Tesco. Annual report 2009 of Tesco. 2009. Web. Tesco. Low prices everywhere. 2011. Web. Yahoo Finance. Basic Chart of Tesco Plc. 2010. Web. Yahoo Finance. Financial Statement of Tesco Plc. 2010. Web.

March Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

March Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays Discover what famous event happened on the March calendar concerning patents, trademarks or copyrights, and see which famous inventor has the same March birthday as you or what invention was created on that March calendar day. March Calendar of Inventions, Trademarks, and Patents March 1 1921- Magician and showman Harry Houdini was granted patent #1,370,316 for a divers suit. March 2 1861- The Patent Act of 1861 increased the term of a patent grant from 14 to 17 years; now it is 20 years. March 3 1821- Thomas Jennings received a patent for dry scouring of clothes. He was the first African-American inventor to receive a US patent. March 4 1955- The first radio facsimile, or fax transmission, was sent across the continent.1997- Leonard Kasday received a patent for a way to handle telephone prize opportunities. March 5 1872- George Westinghouse  Jr. patented the steam-air brake.1963- Arthur K. Melin received U.S. Patent Number 3,079,728 on March 5, 1963, for a Hoop Toy, aka the Hula-Hoop. March 6 1899- Felix Hoffmann patented aspirin. He discovered that the compound called salicin found in willow plants provided pain relief.1990- Mel Evenson received a design patent for the ornamental design for a paperclip holder. March 7 1876- Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the telephone. March 8 1994- Don Ku was granted a patent for a wheeled suitcase with a collapsible towing handle. March 9 1954- Gladys Geissman was granted a patent for a babys garment. March 10 1862- The first U.S. paper money was issued. The denominations were $5, $10 and $20. The paper bills became legal tender by an act of government on March 17, 1862.1891- Almon Strowger was issued a patent for the automatic telephone exchange. March 11 1791- Samuel Mullikin became the first inventor to hold multiple patents. March 12 1935- England established the first 30 mph speed limit for town and village roads.1996- Michael Vost patented a mailbox signaling device. March 13 1877- Chester Greenwood received a patent for earmuffs.1944- Abbott and Costellos baseball routine Whos On First was copyrighted. March 14 1794- Eli Whitney was granted a patent for the cotton gin. March 15 1950- New York City hired Dr. Wallace E. Howell as the citys official rainmaker.1994- William Hartman was issued a patent for a method and apparatus for painting highway markings (stripes, etc.). March 16 1963- The movie  To Kill a Mockingbird, based on Harper Lees novel of the same name, was copyrighted. March 17 1845- The first rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London.1885- The Blast Furnace Charger was patented by Fayette Brown. March 18 1910- Rose ONeills Kewpie doll was copyrighted. March 19 1850- Phineas Quimby was issued a patent for a steering mechanism.1994- The largest omelet (1,383 ² ft) in the world was made with 160,000 eggs in Yokohama, Japan. March 20 1883- Jan Matzeliger was issued patent #274,207 for a lasting device for shoes. Matzeligers invention made the mass production of inexpensive shoes possible. March 21 1861- The Constitution of the Confederate States of America established a Patent Office. March 22 1841- Orlando Jones patented cornstarch.1960- Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes were issued a patent for the laser. March 23 1836- The coin press was invented by Franklin Beale.1956- West Side Story, a musical play by Leonard Bernstein, was copyrighted. March 24 1959- Charles Townes was granted a patent for the maser, the precursor to the laser. The maser was a big hit, being used to amplify radio signals and as an ultrasensitive detector for space research. March 25 1902- Irving W. Colburn patented the sheet glass drawing machine, making the mass production of glass for windows possible.1975- Cayetano Aguas was issued patent #3,873,284 for a smoke stack washer. March 26 1895- Charles Jenkins patented a motion picture machine.1895- Louis Lumiere patented a motion picture machine. What Lumiere invented was a portable motion-picture camera, a film-processing unit and a projector called the cinematographe - three functions covered in one invention. March 27 1790- The first shoelaces were invented.1990- Harold Osrow and Zvi Bleier received a patent for a portable ice cream machine. March 28 1899- William Fleming received a patent for a player piano using electricity. March 29 1933- 42nd Street, the movie, was copyrighted.2000- The Patent and Trademark Office became the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and began operations as a performance-based organization. March 30 1956- Woody Guthries song This Land Is Your Land was copyrighted. March 31 1981- Ananda Chakrabarty patented a new single-cell life form. March Birthdays March 1 1864- Rebecca Lee was the first black woman to get a medical degree. March 2 1876- Gosta Forsell was a noted Swedish radiologist.1902- Nuclear physicist and atomic scientist  Edward Uhler Condon  worked on the Manhattan Project. March 3 1831- George Pullman  invented the railway sleeping car.1838- American astronomer George W. Hill plotted the moons orbit.1841- Canadian oceanographer John Murray discovered the depths of the ocean.1845- German mathematician Georg Cantor discovered transfinite numbers.1847- Alexander Graham Bell  invented the first working telephone.1877- African-American inventor  Garrett Morgan  invented an improved  traffic light  and improved  gas mask.1895- Economist Ragnar Frisch of Norway won the  first Nobel Memorial Prize  in Economics  in 1969.1909- Jay Morris Arena was a noted inventor and pediatrician.1918- American biochemist Arthur Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959. March 4 1754- Physician Benjamin Waterhouse invented a smallpox vaccine.1835- Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli discovered the canals of Mars.1909- American builder Harry B. Helmsley designed the  Empire State Building.1934- Ethologist Jane van Lawick-Goodall was a chimp expert who won the 1974 Walker Prize.1939- James Aubrey Turner was a noted scientist. March 5 1574- English mathematician  William Oughtred  invented the slide rule.1637- Dutch painter John van der Heyden invented the fire extinguisher.1794- French physicist Jacques Babinet was  a noted mathematician and astronomer.1824- American physician Elisha Harris founded the American Public Health Association.1825- German photographer Joseph Albert invented the Albertotype.1893- Emmett J. Culligan founded a water treatment organization.1932- Scientist Walter Charles Marshall was a leading theoretician in the atomic properties of matter. March 6 1812- Aaron Lufkin Dennison was considered the father of American watchmaking.1939- Computer  inventor  Adam Osborne is the founder of the Osborne Computer Corporation. March 7 1765- French inventor  Joseph Niepce  made the first photographic image with a camera obscura.1837- Henry Draper was an  astro-spectro photographer who photographed the moon and Jupiter.1938- American scientist David Baltimore made key contributions in cancer research and is a 1975 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. March 8 1787- Karl Ferdinand von Grafe was the father of modern plastic surgery.1862- Joseph Lee developed playgrounds.1879- German physicist and chemist Otto Hahn won the Nobel Prize in 1944 for his discovery of radiothorium and actinium.1886- Chemist  Edward Kendall  isolated cortisone and won the Nobel Prize in 1950. March 9 1791- American surgeon George Hayward was the first to use ether anesthesia.  1900- American scientist  Howard Aiken  invented the Mark I computer.1923- French fashion designer Andre Courreges invented the miniskirt.1943- American Jef Raskin was a pioneering computer scientist. March 10 1940- Psychologist Wayne Dyer wrote The Universe Within You. March 11 1811- Urbain Jean Joseph  Le  Verrier codiscovered Neptune.1832- German  physicist Franz Melde invented the Melde test.1879- Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum invented pH tests.1890- American scientist  Vannevar Bush  first proposed the basics of hypertext in 1945 that laid the foundation for the internet. March 12 1824- Prussian physicist Gustav R. Kirchoff invented spectral analysis.1831- Clement Studebaker invented the Studebaker car.1838- William Perkin invented the first artificial dye.1862- Jane Delano founded the  Red Cross. March 13 1733- English clergyman and scientist  Joseph Priestley  discovered oxygen and invented a method of making carbonated water.1911- L. Ron Hubbard was a noted sci-fi writer and the first  Scientologist  who invented  Dianetics. March 14 1692- Physicist  Pieter van Musschenbroek  invented the Leyden Jar - the first electrical capacitor.1800- American builder James Bogardus invented ways of making cast-iron buildings.1833- Lucy Hobbs Taylor was the first woman to become a dentist in the United States in 1866.1837- American librarian Charles Ammi Cutter invented expansive classification.1854- German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908.1879- German physicist  Albert Einstein  won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his  theory of relativity. March 15 1801- Coenraad J. van Houten was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker.1858- American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey is considered the father of  plant-breeding.1938- English composer Dick Higgins invented the term intermedia and founded Something Else Press. March 16 1806- Norbert Rillieux  invented the sugar refiner.1836- Andrew Smith Hallidie  patented the first cable car.1910- Andrew Miller-Jones was a British television pioneer.1918- American physicist Frederick Reines was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics.1951- Scientist Richard Stallman is an American software freedom activist and programmer. March 17 1787- Physicist  George Simon Ohm  discovered Ohms Law.1834- German car manufacturer  Gottlieb Daimler  invented the first motorcycle.1925- G.M. Hughes was a renowned British zoologist.1925- Physiologist Jerome Lejeune was a geneticist best-known for discovering links of diseases to chromosome abnormalities. March 18 1690- German mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote the Goldbach position.1858- German engineer  Rudolf Diesel  invented the diesel motor.1886- German psychologist Kurt Koffka invented Gestalt therapy. March 19 1892- Neurobiologist Siegfried T. Bok wrote Cybernetica.1900- French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie  won  the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. March 20 1856- American inventor and engineer Frederick W. Taylor is best-known as the father of scientific management.1904- American psychologist B.F. Skinner was an author, inventor, behaviorist and social philosopher.1920- Douglas G. Chapman was a biomathematical statistician. March 21 1869- Architect Albert Kahn invented modern factory design.1884- American mathematician George D. Birkhoff discovered aesthetic measure.1932- American scientist Walter Gilbert was a molecular biology pioneer and Nobel laureate. March 22 1868- American physicist Robert A. Millikan discovered the  photoelectric effect  and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923.1907- American scientist James M. Gavin was a military theorist.1924- Al Neuharth founded the newspaper USA Today.1926- American Julius Marmur was a noted biochemist and geneticist.1931- American scientist Burton Richter was a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.1946- American mathematician and computer scientist Rudy Rucker is a popular author in science fiction and science. March 23 1881- German chemist  Hermann Staudinger  was a noted plastics researcher who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953.1907- Swiss pharmacologist Daniel Bovet won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1957.1912- German  rocket  scientist  Wernher von Braun  was a space architect and aerospace engineer. March 24 1809- French math whiz Joseph Liouville discovered transcendental numbers.1814- American naturalist Galen Clark discovered Mariposa Grove.1835- Austrian physicist Josef Stefan wrote the Stefan-Boltzmann law.1871- British nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford is considered the father of nuclear physics and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.1874- Hungarian magician and escape artist  Harry Houdini  invented a divers suit.1884- Dutch physical chemist Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.1903- German  biochemist Adolph F.J. Butenandt won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939.1911- Joseph Barbera was  a noted  animator and  one-half  of Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc.1936- Canadian scientist David Suzuki is a noted television host and narrator.1947- English computer manufacturer Alan Sugar founded Amstrad Computers. March 25 1786- Giovanni B. Amia was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and botanist.1867- Gutzon Borglum was the  Mount Rushmore  sculptor.1914- Italian humanitarian and agronomist Norman Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for inventing methods to increase food  supply and was also awarded the  Presidential Medal of Freedom. March 26 1773- Mathematician and astronomer Nathaniel Bowditch invented the marine sextant.1821- Ernst Engel was a German economist.1821- German statistician Earnest Angel wrote the Law of Angel.1885- Robert Blackburn was a pioneer in British aviation.1893- Scientist James Bryant Conant was known for his lasting influence on American science.1908- Robert William Paine was a noted architect.1908- Zoologist Kenneth Mellanby of England was a noted entomologist and ecologist.1911- German-born Bernard Katz was a noted biophysicist noted for his work on nerve physiology.1913- Paul Erdos was a noted Hungarian mathematician known for his work in number theory.1916- American chemist Christian B. Anfinsen researched cell physiology and won the Nobel Prize in 1972.1930- Sandra Day OConnor was the first woman to become a U.S. Supreme Court justice in 1981.1941- English scientist Richard Dawkins is a noted evolutionary biologist. March 27 1780- German inventor and mathematician August L. Crelle built the first Prussian Railway.1844- Adolphus Washington Greely was an American Arctic explorer.1845- Physicist  Wilhelm Conrad von Rontgen  discovered X-rays and won the  Nobel Prize  in Physics in 1901.1847- German chemist Otto Wallach won the Nobel Prize in 1910.1863- Henry Royce invented the Rolls-Royce.1905- Hungarian mathematician Laszlo Kalmar discovered  mathematical  logic and was the founder of theoretical computer science in Hungary.1922- Margaret Stacey was a noted sociologist. March 28 1942- American philosopher Daniel Dennett is a researcher of cognitive science and evolutionary biology. March 29 1883- American chemist Van Slyke invented  micromanometric  analysis. March 30 1842- Dr. Crawford Long was the first physician to use ether as an anesthetic.1865- German physicist Heinrich Rubens was  known for his measurements of the energy of black-body radiation, which led Max Planck to the discovery of his radiation law.  Ã‚  1876- Clifford Whittingham Beers was a mental hygiene pioneer.1892- Polish mathematician Stefan Banach is considered one of the most important and influential 20th-century mathematicians.1894- Sergei Ilyushin was a noted builder of Russian airplanes.1912- Andrew Rodger Waterson was a noted naturalist. March 31 1811- German chemist Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen invented the  Bunsen  burner.1854- Dugald Clerk invented a 2-stroke motorcycle engine.1878- Jack Johnson  was the first black heavyweight boxing champ (1908-1915) and invented a wrench.1950- Pathologist Alison McCartney is a noted breast cancer campaigner.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 145

Summary - Essay Example In order to convince the opposers, Nomani presented her own life examples and stated that many Muslim women experienced loneliness and suffering in marriage. Mohammad Habash also adhered to the idea of Muslim women’s freedom of choice and claimed women should be only led, advised, and guided but not told what to do. Overall, both Nomani and Habash based their opinions not on the ground of religion; they rather addressed the concept of freedom. It is possible to say that the speakers’ position be well-grounded; despite this one could see that their stance was defensive. Yasit Qadhi, in his turn, opposed to what the proponents of such freedom stated and claimed that if a Muslim did not want to follow Words of Allah and the law, he / she should not be regarded as a Muslim at all because of the initial meaning of this word and the essence of the religion as well. In other words, Qadhi discussed the question not only from the religious point of view but from the perspective of the law. Thuraya Arrayed dealt with the question from the point of view of psychology and from the height of her life experience. Particularly, she said that as young people are not wise enough they should be controlled. These two panelists had educated and religious stance and looked more confident than Nomani and Habash. The audience took an active part in the discussion as well and asked challenging and suitable questions. As can be seen, the issue was left unresolved and every party remained on the same mind. Even though the panelists adhered to opposing views, the note was quite friendly. The opposers to the idea of freedom were more convincing. Despite this, the audience vote for women’s right to choose a husband, which was not a wise decision because the discussed issue was of a religious

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International marketing - Essay Example In case of IM the firms looks to make their products available to the international customers. Therefore they have to deal with PESTLE factors of not only one but several other countries. Due to this factors such as tariff barriers, govt. regulations, etc. They also have to face competition from the international competitors also. But with high risk there are opportunities to earn high returns also in the form of growth, profitability, opportunity to earn economies of scale. The study looks to focus upon some of the key issue to be considered by a firm when the firm decides to enter the international market. The company to be discussed is Tesco PLC, the biggest retailer in the UK. During the course of study the probable strategies that could be adopted by the company to expand the business has been discussed using international strategic and marketing mix of Tesco (from an international, perspective), Porter’s diamond model, Uppsala model, country of origin effect and born glo bal model. Marketing Mix: 4P’s Framework The concept of marketing mix can be described as the set of manipulable marketing elements that can be used by the company to achieve organizational objectives. The marketing mix consists of four key elements. Neil Borden termed these manipulable elements as the ‘Marketing Mix’. In the early 1960’s he suggested 12 elements which the company should keep in mind while formulating marketing program. Then E. Jerome McCarthy delineated the marketing mix as the 4Ps of the marketing mix. In simple terms the elements of the marketing mix can be used to lay the much required foundation for the overall marketing strategy. Product Tesco is one of the major retailers in the world. It provides shelf space to the products of some of the major global brands. Along with this the company also provides private label branded products. The product ranges from fresh food, groceries, clothing and apparels, health and beauty products, ele ctronic garments. The vast ranges of products allow the company to target a wide range of customer segments starting from kids to adults. As the company product a vast product mix with lots of variation the company opts for brand positioning as compared to individual brand positioning. Price Tesco mainly uses market driven pricing. Here it is to be mentioned that with the rise in competition in the global retail market and the recent economic downturn has forced the retail companies to decrease the prices. A part form this the company also uses promotional pricing techniques, especially in case of clothing products. In the initial days the company adopted a market skimming strategy. Thus the company set high prices for the offerings. But once the competition increased the company had to adapt and shift to market driven pricing. Also the pricing strategy has been influenced by the economic conditions. The market driven pricing has been well punctuated by other pricing techniques such as promotional pricing. Place It is believed that the Tesco has one of the best distribution strategies. The key factor that influences the

Intellectual and social development of infants Essay Example for Free

Intellectual and social development of infants Essay Nature can influence a child’s intellectual development, by genetic inheritance, the child could have inherited Down syndrome, which could cause a later development with the children’s speech and language, Down syndrome can also affect the muscles for them to become weak. They can also develop behaviour issues, such as autism, stubbornness, tantrums, compulsive and obsessive disorders. Children with Down syndrome can also develop a brain disorder which can affect the memory, judgement and function in later life. Another genetic disorder that can affect a child’s intellectual development is Angelman syndrome. If a child has inherited Angelman syndrome this will affect the child’s nervous system. The characteristic that are affect by this condition can include, intellectual disability for example learning difficulties, looking after themselves and communicating. These genetic inheritances can affect the child’s learning skills and also the social skills for the child. Nurture can affect the child’s intellectual development, when the child is in school, the teacher might not be teaching the child the best way. This will affect the child’s learning skills. Another affect that nurture has on intellectual development would be the environment, if a child is brought up in crime, then there is a possibility that the child will grow up to commit crime. Another affect would be if the child parents do not spend time with the child after school, to help complete their homework then they can fall behind in lessons. Nature can affect a child’s social development, if the child has inherited Autism. People with Autism find it hard to build relationships with people. This will make it hard from them to communicate in school, with other children. Autistic people also have difficulty with their speech and language. They also prefer to be alone which can also affect the child’s social development. Nurture can affect the child’s social development, by the child brought up in an abuse family the child will have to look outside the family for stability and affection. The environment can affect social development. If the child interacts with people doing crime, the child will also be lead into crime in the future. An example of nurture which can affect the social development would be a boy 12-13 years who was found running around with wolves in France. When the child was brought back into society, he could not talk or walk and he never developed as a normal human being, this shows that if a child needs to be taught socially to develop in the right way. Physical and emotional development of adolescents Nature can affect adults physical development, Nurture can affect an adults physical development, by environmental influences such as; exposure to toxins, illnesses and being raised in poor living conditions can also affect physical development. Head injuries, infections, lead poisoning are few of the many environmental reasons for affected physical development. Another affect for physical development would be if an adult has been in a car accident, amputation may be needed; this will lead to the adult not being able to walk. Old age can also affect physical development, as the adult is getting older their muscles, bones and internal organs are becoming weaker. When they reach old age their muscles and bones, will become stiffer, this will affect their walking. Nature can affect adults emotional development, with the hormones in the adult body, the hormones can affect emotional development. For example people born with high levels of testosterone can become more courageous and aggressive, where as someone with extreme levels of estrogen will lead to sensitivity and emotion. Nurture can affect an adult’s emotional development, if a family or friend has passed away, this can affect the adults emotional development. Another affect for emotional development would be marriage and divorce,

I Am Ready for Law School :: Law College Admissions Essays

I Am Ready for Law School I began hallucinating early Thursday morning. My team and I were halfway finished with what our instructors dubbed "The Long Paddle," and I could feel my sanity slowly slipping away. A combination of severe sleep deprivation and extreme physical exercise can do that to you. I had not had more than three hours of sleep since "Hellweek" had begun on Sunday afternoon. As I looked around me, I contemplated the extent of my delirium. I was reasonably certain that the Statue of Liberty does not belong in San Diego, and I doubted that the tigers I could see racing along the river shore were real. My ears picked up the sound of our boat's leader having a heated argument with Jenkins, but Jenkins had quit the team two weeks ago. Looking around me, I felt reassured seeing the confused expressions on my teammates' faces. Even though I was stuck in a tiny inflatable boat with six potential lunatics, I at least knew that I was not the only one being affected by the exercise. Hell week. I had been through some incarnation of it during each year of my life, ever since peewee football. But no previous "hell" could compare to the punishment that the United States Navy dishes out during Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL Training (BUD/S). Hell week marks the sixth week of BUD/S, and is a six-day celebration of misery designed to eliminate weak candidates. Only the strong can survive it. This year's week of torment was heightened by an untimely cold spell; more than two thirds of our original class had already quit. Running on soft sand beaches while wearing combat boots, getting a facemask full of salt water while lugging twin steel scuba tanks on your back, being soaking wet and covered with sand... these are enough to make most people question their desire to finish the program. But it was the cold that claimed the most victims. We shivered through the nights and well into the mornings, the chill of the air seeping into our very bones. Visions of hot meals and warm beds haunted us; we knew that ending the suffering and the cold was as easy as quitting the program. And quitting was so very east. Simply stand in front of your classmates and ring a silver ship's bell three times...

Mixed Member Proportional Government for Canada

Canada's government system was drafted at the Quebec conference by the so-called â€Å"Fathers of Confederation.† In this system, the Queen of Great Britain has the formal executive power. This in effect made the Canadian government system loosely based on the system being used by the United Kingdom (One Stop Canada, n.d.). Up to now, the Queen is still the head of the state, but just like any other parliamentary democracy, her powers are extremely limited. It is still the Parliament that drafts and approves the country's laws, and then the Queen would give the final approval, so to speak, known as the â€Å"Royal Assent.† Whenever the Queen is not in Canada, the Governor General acts as her representative and performs all her ceremonial and administrative duties. The Governor General is always chosen by the Queen by virtue of the Prime Minister's recommendation. The Governor General normally stays in office for 5 years (One Stop Canada, n.d.). The seat of power lies in the House of Parliament, but specifically, in the House of Commons. It is them who make laws for â€Å"make laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada†, and this includes defence, international policies, criminal law, immigration, border control and customs. They are being elected every 5 years. The present system in the Canada is the single member representation, commonly known also as first past the post or plurality system, wherein the whole country is divided into constituencies (total of 308) and during elections, whoever gets the most number of votes in any particular constituency represents the constituency, and take a single seat in the Parliament (One Stop Canada, n.d.). This system is now being challenged by many because of the presumed â€Å"lack of real representation† of this system. Challenges on the current system and call for a change Statistics from last year's election show that in British Columbia, the Liberal Party gained 77 of the 79 seats for that province with only 58% of the votes, compared to the former ruling Democratic Party who only gained 2 seats despite getting 22% of the vote. (The Democratic Party held 52 seats during the elections before last year, with only 39.5% of the vote.) The Green Party, although they have won 12.5% of the total votes, got no seats at all. This recent election has proven to many that there is a need for a change in their electoral system. Adriane Carr, the British Columbia Green Party leader, leads the initiative to change the existing first-past-the-post system of Canada. Carr launched this initiative to encourage the government to consider her drafted legislation on the mixed member proportional government (Caron, 1999; Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 2002). In this proposed system, the benefits both electoral schemes will be combined. A voter will choose a candidate that he or she likes, and at the same time, vote for a party also. In this way, all constituencies will be represented, and at the same time, a proportionate number of seats will also be given to parties receiving a certain percentage of votes, thus, ensuring the representation on the interest or cause that it represents. It was also argued that this new system will maximize voter turnout as all votes will be taken into consideration, unlike the case of a first-past-the-post system where only the winning votes, so to speak, are represented in the parliament. This means that in this system, it would not only mean that the leading party would have seats in the Parliament, but also the minority party or parties, depending on the percentage of votes that they have won (Caron, 1999). This scheme is also said to increase the representation of women in the Parliament. In many countries in the Europe, proportional representation increased women representation by more than 10% (Caron, 1999). Such condition is something being advocated by parties like the Democratic Party in Canada. If proportional representation will be adopted by the Canadian political system, it is forecasted to increase the voter turnout from all levels of election, and at the same time, also increase the representation of other interests in the Parliament. Theoretically, this scheme will make all votes count. The ultimate question: Will this work in Canada? Many advocates of first-past-the-post system believe that if the system is not broken, then, do not fix it. But it appears that while it is not broken, there is a better way of doing it. Even cynics do not disagree with having a need for electoral reform. The current system of electoral process in Canada is based on a winner-take-all principle, which means that the only representation happening is the winning vote, i.e., the popular partisan viewpoint. This also means that the other vote, the losing view, lose their right to political representation. This system has produced a government with a winning party winning majority of seats, without really wining majority of the votes (Gordon, 2003). Canadians have only enjoyed true majority governments, elected by a majority of voters, four times since World War I (Gordon, 2003). The recent election show how â€Å"unrepresented† the voters are. And with the idea that they really have not attained a true majority government yet, still, they are using the first-past-the-post system despite the theoretically good outcome of a proportional representation system, or at least, the mixed member proportion. In all aspects of the theory, from the idea of being truly representative, to the idea of increasing voters' turnout, we know that this mixed member proportion will work. Since World War 1, only four times have the Canadian people attained a true representative majority, which means for only four times have the people been truly represented. This new system will in almost all certainty, reduce the control of the reigning party in the parliament. The system has worked or is still showing potential benefits in all countries which have tried this. Canada will not be an exemption. So, more than just asking if this system will work in Canada, the ultimate question is: Will the existing government give this a chance to work? Works cited: Caron, Jean-Franà §ois. â€Å"The end of the first-past-the post electoral system?† Canadian Parliamentary Review, 22.3 (Autumn 1999): 19-22. Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 2002. Rod Donald exports MMP to Canada. Press release (28th March 2002). Gordon, Larry. â€Å"It’s time for fair voting in Canada.† Economics at About.com (15 October 2003). One Stop Canada, n.d. Canadian Political System. http://www.onestopimmigration-canada.com/canadian_political_system.html

Military insurgents

This short summary will be a brief synopsis covering the issues America faces â€Å"fighting modern insurgents†. This paper will be based on Information gathered from three videos created by Dry. Martin Catalan. The First being â€Å"The Iran Threat†. This lecture give Its listeners a glimpse of what methods and strategies the Iranian government has been trying to employ against the US and Its allies. The lecture describes In detail the various threats that the united States and its allies (particularly Israel) face. The first threat covered by Dry. Citation is the threat of a clear weapon.Although Iran is a sovereign state it has been a long time concern of the US that if able to develop any type of significant nuclear technology (weapons grade or otherwise) it may fall in the hands of state sanctioned (The Iranian state) terrorist. Iran has employed tactics such as trying to kill a Saudi diplomat and bomb a Saudi embassy in the US with the help of an Iranian American. This event shows the reach that the Iranian state sanctioned terrorism and the danger it poses even on us soil. The second lecture Is titled â€Å"The Non-State Solider In History†. Dry.Catalan tells his students from the onset of this lecture that the â€Å"Non-State Solider† Is not at all a conventional solider or army or even the unrecognized Molotov- cocktail throwing rioter. They are Insurgents or guerilla groups who specialize In unconventional warfare. He explains to us that these groups are without an allegiance to a state but are often times funded by states such as Iran. These groups tend to fight using the terrain and other factors as an advantage. They try to avoid major clashes with conventional armies that are larger and better equipped.They use civilians to both strengthen their numbers and to use as a sort of bargaining chip against the worlds government. The current cancer that the US and its allies face called ISIS is this type of group. The third le cture covered was entitled â€Å"A sectarian Spring: The Continuing Struggles In Bahrain. † In this lecture Dry. Catalan covers the uprising in Bahrain that started In 2011 and continues even today. He covered the tactics that the Insurgents use In order accomplish their particular goals. He also covered the various crude weapons that these groups employ.These types of insurgences are polar opposites to the two previous mentioned groups in this paper. Although organized this type of group has far less resources and an under prepared sporadic â€Å"army† or following. At its core though, there is a thinking person or group of people who use the beliefs, conviction, and emotions of the people to immobile them dodo their (the leaders) bidding. Ferguson Missouri is an example of this type of scenario. In conclusion these are great lectures that contain a wealth of information and explains the regarded topics fully.Military insurgents By leaflets â€Å"fighting modern insu rgents†. This paper will be based on information gathered from three videos created by Dry. Martin Citation. The First being â€Å"The Iran Threat†. This lecture give its listeners a glimpse of what methods and strategies the Iranian government has been trying to employ against the US and its allies. The lecture describes in detail the various threats that the United States and its allies The second lecture is titled â€Å"The Non-State Solider in History'. Dry.Citation tells his dents from the onset of this lecture that the â€Å"Non-State Solider† is not at all a rioter. They are insurgents or guerilla groups who specialize in unconventional Struggles in Bahrain. † In this lecture Dry. Citation covers the uprising in Bahrain that started in 2011 and continues even today. He covered the tactics that the insurgents use in order accomplish their particular goals. He also covered the various crude group has far less resources and an under prepared sporadic à ¢â‚¬Å"army' or following. At conviction, and emotions of the people to immobile them to do their (the leaders)

Essay on Writing

Essay on Writing Essays on writing contain information regarding writing different essays. The essays on writing inform the readers about various tips on writing essays. Many supporting sites provide tips on writing an essay and you can do many essays on writing by following those tips. Teachers give the students many essays on writing and assign different topics to them, which they are unable to do without some tips on writing a good essay. For doing a reflective essay on writing or essays on Canadian writing, you have to follow the following tips on essay writing: 1. You should divide your essay on writing in three parts. 2. The first part comprises an introduction. 3. The second part should contain the descriptive information regarding the topic of the essay on writing. 4. The third part should be of conclusion. 5. Each paragraph should contain one idea. 6. Your essay should be organized. 7. You should make a draft to select the most appropriate ideas. 8. In draft, you have to make certain headings, which you can remove, in your reflective essay on writing or custom essay on writing. 9. You can use headings if you wish to or there is no necessity for the inclusion of headings in the essay on writing. 10. You should write after researching the topic of the essay on writing. 11. The research should be relevant to the topic of essay on writing. 12. Do not try to make your essay lengthy. 13. Include only that information that is required. 14. Use clear and simple language. 15. Do not copy from any source. 16. Use quotations where appropriate to justify your claims but give the full reference of the source from which you have quoted, otherwise, you will be accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism is also termed as academic dishonesty. The tips on writing college essays or on writing the college application essay are more or less the same that are described above but as the level of education heightens, the responsibilities of the students are also increased. The seriousness of the topic in terms of essay on writing increases and the students are thought of to appear more competent and capable as compared to a lower level of studies. Essays on Canadian writing, essays on descriptive writing, essays on extended writing, essays on historical writing, essays on psychological writing and custom essay on writing, all of the stated essays on writing and others should be written by following the guidelines that are given above. The guidelines that are given above can be used as help on writing essays. An essay on writing will have to done keeping the principles of organization and they are introduction, discussion and conclusion in which the essay on writing should be divided.

3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation with Quotations

3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation with Quotations 3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation with Quotations 3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation with Quotations By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, punctuation associated with a quoted phrase or a partial or full quotation is not appropriate. Discussion after each example explains why the punctuation should either be changed or omitted altogether, and one or more revisions illustrate correct treatment of the quoted material. 1. The old saying, â€Å"What gets rewarded gets done,† is as true with risk management as with any other business process. The phrase â€Å"the old saying† should not be treated restrictively- â€Å"What gets rewarded gets done† is not the only old saying; it is being described as an old saying- so omit punctuation between the phrase and the saying itself: â€Å"The old saying ‘What gets rewarded gets done’ is as true with risk management as with any other business process.† 2. The company responded in a statement Friday that the newspaper article showed, â€Å"a complete disregard for basic journalistic standards.† Because the partial quotation complements the attribution to complete a sentence that requires no internal punctuation, do not use such punctuation to separate the attribution and the quotation: â€Å"The company responded in a statement Friday that the newspaper article showed ‘a complete disregard for basic journalistic standards.’† 3. â€Å"I would like to do a college fund for him, it’s not the kid’s fault,† he said. Regardless of whether such a sentence is a quotation or not, the use of a mere comma to separate two independence clauses without the support of a conjunction is incorrect: â€Å"’I would like to do a college fund for him; it’s not the kid’s fault,’ he said.† However, using a semicolon in a quotation has always seemed stiffly formal to me; simply as a personal preference, I would use a more dashing punctuation mark: â€Å"’I would like to do a college fund for him- it’s not the kid’s fault,’ he said.† Another alternative is to insert the attribution between the two clauses, treating them as separate sentences: â€Å"‘I would like to do a college fund for him,’ he said. ‘It’s not the kid’s fault.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictEmail Etiquette7 Other Types of Pronouns

LEVERAGING BUSINESS THROUGH CULTURAL COMPETENCY AND DIVERSITY IN THE Essay

LEVERAGING BUSINESS THROUGH CULTURAL COMPETENCY AND DIVERSITY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY - Essay Example This likewise has a leveraging repercussion in trade and commerce. Statement of the purpose. One of the objectives of this dissertation is to show how cultural capabilities and idiosyncrasies neutralize growth and opportunities in business. For instance, because of acute recession in the United States of America and in order to save big on wages and other payroll costs, American companies outsource jobs to countries like India and those in Asia where salaries are significantly lower. Such is the case in call centres where telemarketing and other allied on-line services are rendered. It is admitted that oral English communications skills are the only required credentials for call specialists. In this field, other cultures can compete with their counterparts in the larger economies thus leveraging business in the global scene. The levelling of business particularly comes from taxes on the earnings of the employees which go to the host country rather than the territory which is outsourcing the services. The same is true with the circulation of money g enerated by the outsourced business. Another example where cultural competency sets in is in the car industry. While the world economy hits low levels, people in third world countries tend more to settle for reconditioned used cars rather than buy brand new ones from companies controlled by corporations with main offices based in affluent nations. Circumstances like this become balancing factors in international business and commerce. In short, owning a second-hand automobile is a readily acceptable cultural notion in poor countries while it may not be so much in highly developed nations. On the other side, there are products made by people from impoverished territories which fascinate rich Western nationals and this kind of exchange likewise levels the trade playing field. Such products include furniture made of rare wood or indigenous materials and tiny handicrafts being worn as beauty accessories. These are among the factors to consider in presenting a study on how cultural compe tency leverage business. In the case of diversity in the global economy, the research will inquire into non-traditional resources and approaches. One good illustration is the source of fuel or energy which has always been mineral fossil oil or petroleum. This circumstance has a very

Cruise lines Carnival vs Royal Carribean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cruise lines Carnival vs Royal Carribean - Essay Example Carnival’s reputation has evolved from being associated with the young party crowd to being the â€Å"Fun Ships† with a less formal ambience and greatly improved quality that is now appealing to cruisers of all ages. â€Å"The world's largest cruise line's humble origins pigeonholed it as the cruise industry's version of a floating fraternity party for a long, long time. But that's yesterday, and while Carnival still commands a certain reputation for a flashy, neon-esque atmosphere, and by no means stints on elaborate lounges and discos, its ships continue to evolve† (http://www.expedia.com/daily/cruise/lines/cl1.asp?rfrr=-26926). Carnival’s food, entertainment, and amenities have all improved dramatically, as have the size and technological features of the ships that comprise its fleet. Royal Caribbean has a reputation as an active cruise line that has a lot to offer for sports enthusiasts, with the largest ships on the seas offering options such as rock climbing and skating facilities. The cruise line is known for consistently high quality that has not changed over the years. â€Å"Across the board, food is amazingly consistent and well-prepared—from the dining room to the buffet to the 24-hour room service—especially considering the capacity of the ships† (http://www.expedia.com/daily/cruise/lines/cl10.asp?rfrr=-26926). Royal Caribbean has received kudos for offering free equipment rental for use in its sporting facilities. The rivalry between these two cruise lines is intense, and has largely driven the cutting edge developments in their ships and services. One is continually trying to upstage the other with announcements of new vessels being developed or put into commission that are the largest known. This battle to be have biggest ships has thus far been won by Royal Caribbean. "One of Royal Caribbean's best tricks has been to repeatedly announce, build and sail the biggest cruise ship in the world. In fact, they relish announcing such a new ship will be built usually the same week as Carnival announces it has just launched its biggest vessel ever. For instance, at almost exactly the same time Carnival floated out the first post 100,000-ton cruise ship ever, Royal Caribbean trounced the publicity by announcing they would build one of nearly 140,000 tons." (http://cruisemates.com/articles/reviews/rci/index.cfm). The ability of Royal Caribbean to maintain its competitive edge as far as the size of its vessels has enabled it to be the leading carrier by volume of passengers. This dominant market position comes despite Carnival's claim to the most cruise ships afloat. Carnival Cruise Line's parent company, Carnival Corp., when accounting for all of its subsidiaries, "carries one in four passengers today on no fewer than 79 ships" (http://cruisemates.com/articles/reviews/carnival/index.cfm). Obviously, the two companies are the dominant players that set the tone for the entire industry, and might be likened to Coca Cola and Pepsi in the beverage industry, or MacDonald's and Burger King in the fast food industry. In terms of wide appeal to various interests, Carnival arguably wins. According to Cruisemates.com, "it is hard to compete with Carnival's ability to establish and embellish a simple concept; build fun ships with good food, and make sure the staff understands the concept. Royal Caribbean may have many more things to do onboard, but Carnival may be arguably 'more fun' based solely upon their attitude. Where Royal Caribbean

Resume Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Resume - Assignment Example My previous work experiences entail dealing directly with people through administering functions and through managing organizational campaigns. I am highly skilled in undertaking effective communication, in various medium. I am an exemplary team player and could work in diverse environments; even in demanding or highly challenging situations. My ability to discern appropriate conflict negotiating techniques, as well as apply problem-solving strategies, make me highly competent for the position. Likewise, my aviation knowledge and skills would be a potential advantage for an Air and Marine Interdiction Agent, in the near future. I am hereby attaching my resume for your perusal. I would be available for interview at your most convenient time. I could be reached in any of the stipulated contact details. I am confident that when considered for the position, we would be establishing a mutually beneficial business relationship. I would be looking forward to hearing from you

Less Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement

Less Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement For decades, the only weapons law enforcement had at its disposal were lethal weapons and physical force using a wooden night stick or baton. New less harmful or less lethal weapons were needed due to the ever increasing violence in our communities and the demand for better crime control, especially after the widespread scrutiny of law enforcement after highly publicized use of force incidents such as the arrest of Rodney King in Los Angeles. Less lethal weapons are defined as weapons that are intended to incapacitate a subject without causing permanent injuries or death while also inflicting minimal damage on surrounding environments (Davison, 2009). They are often also known as non-lethal weapons, but this is a misnomer as no weapon can be completely non-lethal even when used properly and cautiously; moreover, any use of force by law enforcement can inherently involve a risk of death. The use of less lethal weapons can have physical and mental effects on the individual being subjected to them. There are numerous factors concerning the environment and the subject when choosing the type of less lethal weapon to deploy. Less lethal weapons use in law enforcement is vital as they frequently contend with subjects who have not yet committed a criminal act (as in the case of crowd control) or with mentally unstable subjects or those under the influence of an intoxicant. Officers must balance their use with what is accepted as reasonable force to avoid violating a subjects civil rights while, at the same time, satisfying the public that the least amount of force necessary was used. Many subjects use the judicial process to challenge the use of less lethal weapons. Some of the different categories of less lethal weapons available to law enforcement include: specialty impact munitions, distraction devices, chemical munitions, and conducted energy devices. Specialty Impact Munitions Specialty impact munitions (SIM) were used as early as the 1960s in American Law Enforcement. During this period, police used wooden baton rounds to quell riots and the first bean bag round was designed (BAE SIM, 2009). The use of specialty impact munitions are intended to cause pain (the lowest expected response) and sometimes sufficient blunt trauma to disorient or incapacitate a subject (the maximum desired effect) (BAE SIM, 2009). Low energy specialty impact munitions are used for pain compliance, while high energy specialty impact munitions are used for incapacitation. Some degree of injury is expected to occur as it is necessary to achieve compliance or a momentary degree of incapacitation. The intent with specialty impact munitions is to minimize the amount of injury that is painful. In most instances, bruising is the only injury, but abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures have occurred. Specialty impact munitions can also have an immense mental effect on an individual often causing anxiety, fear, and/or panic. By pointing a firearm directly at a subject and firing a projectile, the subject may have the fear of actually having been shot by a firearm. The pain associated with the impact may reinforce this belief. Specialty impact weapons can also cause mental distraction in a subject as they cope with the physiological pain that the body feels and also the perceived danger. If the subject panics, however, it could lead to less control as their fear may lead to the fight or flight response. Specialty impact weapons include rubber balls, bean bags, foam batons, rubber batons, and wood batons which are usually encapsulated in either 12-gauge shotgun shells, 37mm rounds, 40mm rounds, or grenades (BAE SIM, 2009). Specialty impact munitions can be used in a variety of situations. Police uses include perimeter control, temporarily incapacitating barricaded subjects, and subduing emotionally disturbed subjects. Correctional uses include performing cell extractions in correctional or prison settings, quelling riots or crowd management, and regaining control of areas. There are several factors to consider when using specialty impact munitions including distance from the subject, impact areas, munitions selection, and delivery system. Long range engagements may affect the accuracy of the specialty impact munitions. Additionally, the energy of the specialty impact munitions will decrease over distance and a sufficient amount of energy may not be available to incapacitate the subject rendering it ineffective. While, close range engagements with a subject increase the potential for incapacitation, they also increase the risk for serious injury such as penetration wounds and broken bones. Distraction Devices Websters Dictionary defines distraction as the state in which the attention is called in different ways; confusion; perplexity and that which diverts attention (Distraction, n.d.). Distraction devices are a low explosive device that emit heat, light, and sound with the intent of distracting a potentially dangerous subject (BAE DD, 2009). They are also commonly called diversion devices, flash sound diversion devices, and referred to as a flashbang. Flashbangs were designed in a United Kingdom military facility in Porton Down as an experimental stun device called a stun grenade. They were first deployed in a 1977 hostage rescue mission in Mogadishu, Somalia. Law enforcement then became interested in them. However, the first distraction devices were inappropriate for law enforcement use due to several factors including: unreliable fuses, the long delay in detonation (friction type fuses had a 6-12 second delay), excessive noise level, metal fragmentation, and the cardboard containers became soft when exposed to moisture (BAE DD, 2009). Finally, a cost effective distraction device with container that was safe to ship and easy to handle was developed. The Los Angeles Police Department was the first department to explore the use of the flashbang in preparation for the 1984 Olympic Games (BAE DD, 2009). Distraction devices have both a psychological and a physiological effect on the subjects they are used on. A psychological or mental distraction is one that effects how a subject thinks and reacts based upon human instinct, the chemical makeup of his nervous system, and learned behavior (BAE DD, 2009). The most common psychological distraction is confusion or making someone think that something has, is currently, or is going to occur even though it is not the case (BAE DD, 2009). Another psychological distraction is the response to fear or their flight or fight response. Fear can cause trembling, sweating, dry mouth, and loss of fine motor control (bladder and bowel). No other less lethal weapon has the potential to impact all of the bodys five senses like the distraction devices (Stanley, 2008). Physiological or physical distractions are distractions that the body just cannot control because when exposed to the appropriate stimulus, the sensory organs of the body react. Physiological distractions have three dimensions: visual effects, auditory effects, and equilibrium effects. Exposure to intense light bleaches the retina and causes restriction of the pupil which, in turn, causes a subject to see white spots (much like the flash from a camera). A test conducted by the Arizona Department of Public Safety concluded that it could take up to two minutes for the pupil to return to normal size and ten to thirty minutes for restoration of normal vision (BAE DD, 2009). The sound of distraction devices can be as loud as 174.5 decibels. To put this in perspective, a lawnmower equals approximately 90 decibels; a chainsaw, 100 decibels; standing in front of rock concert speakers is equal to 120 decibels; and a gunshot or jet engine at 50 feet away is equal to 140 decibels (BAE DD, 2009). Distraction devices affect equilibrium by disturbing the fluid in the ear canals which affects the subjects balance. The advantage of physiological distraction is that it will work every time. The combination of effects: sound, light, the smell and taste of smoke, along with the pressure wave of energy striking the skin is enough to cause a sensory overload for anyone in the immediate proximity of the blast (Stanley, 2008). The disadvantages to physiological distractions are they require direct exposure and can vary in duration as sensory overload varies greatly from person to person and from device to device. Some subjects will show little or no effect, others may be merely disoriented, while still others can be frozen in pace for several seconds. The three primary effects of a distraction device are: heat, light, and sound. The heat effect is the least damaging of the three. The heat produced from the explosion of the distraction device has a short duration (50 milliseconds), but can exceed 2000 degrees centigrade (BAE DD, 2009). The heat and flame (thermal incendiary) effect is usually seen as a bright flash or fireball at the instant of the explosion. The light generated is very intense and short of duration (less than 50 milliseconds) (BAE DD, 2009). The explosion from a distraction device creates a blast pressure wave which is the almost instantaneous creation of a volume of gas forcing the existing gases of the surrounding area out and away from the blast at high speed. It is essentially a powerful sound wave. Distraction devices are available in two types: those that only produce sound and light (flashbangs) and those that also eject either projectiles or chemicals (projectile/chemical grenades) (Stanley, 2008). A flashbang is a thermal incendiary with a combustion capacity and fire potential. Its heat can exceed 2000 degrees centigrade but is short in duration. The light from a flashbang also has a short duration but is intensely bright at six to eight million candelas. As a comparison, a typical law enforcement flashlight produces approximately 30,000 candelas, while the light from a 35mm camera flash equals 50,000 candelas (BAE DD, 2009). The sound (blast pressure) from a flashbang can cause injury. A primary blast almost always affects air-filled structures such as the lungs, ears, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Secondary blast pressure occurs when the action of the blast pressure wave reflects off surrounding surfaces. Soft or porous surfaces absorb the wave and decrease its reflec tion while hard or flexible surfaces enhance the reflection (BAE DD, 2009). Distraction devices come in canister type, grenade (with rubber balls or pellets), and a 12-gauge cartridge (aerial diversion). The most common method of deployment is by hand. The officer properly grips and controls the device, then pulls the pin and deploys the device. A flashbang pole is used to deploy the device through a window. The least frequent method of deployment is launching or throwing as the officer cannot see where the device will initiate. This method is generally used outdoors as a crowd management tool. The hazards of deploying distraction devices include the presence of children and the elderly, fire, and smoke. Children may become hysterical and can young infants can suffer hearing damage as their auditory system is still developing. Elderly people often have health problems that may be aggravated by the exposure to the distraction device or they may be bedridden and need help becoming ambulatory. A fire extinguisher should always be present when a distraction device is utilized in case a fire erupts. Distraction devices emit smoke that creates tactical and health concerns as smoke may obscure the officers vision and by-products of flash powder are not healthy to breathe. Another potential hazard is secondary blast projectiles which can be created from the blast pressure. Rocks or other small objects on the ground easily become ballistic when a distraction device is thrown next to them. A flashbang pole deployed through a closed window can cause ballistic glass fragments. Flashbang court cases are not abundant. They are challenged more in criminal court than in civil court. Civil cases include personal injury, property damage, death, negligent supervision, deliberate indifference, or civil rights violations. The first court case concerning the use of distraction devices was Langford v. Gates, 43 Cal. 3d 21, 729 P.2d 822 (1987). Langford claimed use of the flashbang device violated her 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th Amendment rights because its use against residences constituted unreasonable force. The court did not issue an injunction against their use, citing in their ruling that flashbangs were used in more than 25 cases since 1984 and they presented no more than minimal risk of injury (Langford v. Superior Ct., 1987). Therefore, their use could not be accounted unreasonable. In Garcia v. Texas, 829 S.W.2d 830 (1992), the defendant challenged his confession and his waiver of rights (BAE DD, 2009). He stated it was involuntary and violated his 5th Amendment because it was made after he was subjected to a forcible entry and a stun grenade. The Texas Court of Appeals upheld his conviction. In civil action, a Wisconsin prisoner received $49,000. in 2009 for the permanent harm he suffered after a flashbang grenade was thrown into his cell in an effort to subdue him (Foley, 2009). He experienced ringing in his ears for months afterward and now suffers from tinnitus. Chemical Munitions Chemical munitions, developed during World War I, that produce temporary effects of excessive tearing, closing of the eyes, and shortness of breath are commonly known as tear gas. Chemical munitions can be a good tool for law enforcement because when used correctly, they are effective, but their effects will dissipate quickly when a subject moves away from the contaminated area. There are five purposes in the deployment of chemical munitions, including to: disperse, dislodge, distract, disorient, and detect (BAE CM, 2009). Chemical munitions are a primary means of dispersing violent crowds and dislodging barricaded subjects, but can also be used to help detect a barricaded subjects location by forcing the subject to cough or make some other noise. When the chemical munitions fails to dislodge the barricaded subject, its continued application can tire the subject and potentially diminish his desire to fight or resist. Chemical munitions can also be used to visually impair subjects or limit their access where evidence (especially drugs) may be destroyed. Additionally, they can be utilized to mask the movement of specialized police tactical teams such as S.W.A.T. Protective masks that filter particulates and absorb gas vapors should be worn by law enforcement when some types of chemical munitions are utilized. The most common types of chemical munitions used by law enforcement are: Cloroacetophenone (CN), Orthoclorobenzalmalononitrile (CS), and Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) (BAE CM, 2009). Cloreacetophenone (CN) CN was invented by German chemist Carl Graebe in 1869 and was used for training soldiers in the use of their protective equipment (BAE CM, 2009). Studies of CN revealed that although it had mild effects, it could still incapacitate a subject for a short period of time (BAE CM, 2009). This made it a good weapon for use against rioting citizens and barricaded subjects. CN is lighter than CS, but five times more toxic; however, it has milder physiological effects relative to CS and OC (BAE CM, 2009). The physiological effects of CN include extreme tear production, voluntary closure of eyes, and mild stinging/burning of the eyes, mouth, throat, and nasal passages (BAE CM, 2009). Its psychological effects include some mental disorientation and confusion, as well as fear or panic due to the physiological effects. The reaction time for CN is usually one to three seconds, but often varies depending on the ambient temperature and the mental state and physical condition of the subject. After exposure, the effects should dissipate 5-15 minutes after the subject is removed from the contaminated area. Subjects under extreme influences of drugs and alcohol and mentally disturbed subjects are less likely to be troubled by the effects of CN. And animals that are exposed to CN suffer little, if at all (BAE CM, 2009). CN is used by law enforcement is aerosol sprays and chemical dispensing grenades. Orthoclorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) Law enforcement in the United States began using CS in 1965 as an aid to disperse crowds and subdue barricaded subjects (BAE CM, 2009). It is currently the most used riot control agent by law enforcement. CS is an irritant that causes a burning sensation to the moist areas of the skin, especially the eyes, mouth, throat, and nasal passages. The sensation is consistent with an instant sunburn (Stanley, 2008). Other physiological effects are excessive tear production and mucous discharge from the nose involuntary closure of the eyes, shortness of breath, feelings of suffocation, and sneezing and coughing. Psychologically, CS may cause disorientation and confusion. The subject may also experience anxiety, fear, and panic. The reaction time for CS is usually 3-7 seconds but can vary depending on the chemical composition of the CS and the mental and physical condition of the subject. The after-effects usually dissipate 5-15 minutes after the subject is removed from the contaminated area. CS is often blended with OC to increase its effectiveness. CN and CS are available in solid (pellets or powder) and liquid form. For pyrotechnic use, or when the chemical agent is vaporized and carried by smoke particulates through the atmosphere, a granulated raw agent of CN/CS is combined with a fuel mix and then pressed into various sized pellets (BAE CM, 2009). Powder is made with micro-pulverized forms of CN or CS mixed with Magnesium oxide and cabbosil (BAE CM. 2009). Munitions in the powder form are not pyrotechnic, making them ideal for indoor use. To convert CN or CS to a liquid form, it is pulverized into a very fine powder and then suspended within a liquid carrier (BAE CM, 2009). The most effective form of CN or CS is when it is mixed with a fuel mix and burned (pyrotechnic). The least effective form of carrier is a liquid as it tends to settle faster (BAE CM, 2009). CN or CN can be delivered by hand deployment up to 50 yards and with a launcher for deployment more than 50 yards from the police line (BAE CM, 2009). Chemical munitions can be delivered by expulsion or blast devices that eject chemical agents into the atmosphere using a detonator, blasting cap, primer and powder, or CO ² cartridges. Pyrotechnic is a delivery method where agents are released into the atmosphere by means of compressed slugs or pellets and a fuel mix that is then carried by smoke. Other delivery methods include fogging systems, aerosols, and liquids. Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Oleoresin capsicum is oil and a resin extracted from the cayenne pepper plant (Chan et al, 2001). The first commercial OC product for law enforcement was developed in 1974 in a Florida home (BAE OC, 2009). OC use was then adopted by FBI special agents in 1990. Later that year, a violent subject who had been sprayed with an oil-based OC spray containing isopropyl alcohol was unintentionally set on fire after a conducted energy weapon was also deployed. This led the development of a safer, water-based OC product. The California Department of Justice conducted a two-year study documenting the se and effectiveness of two distinctively different OC products (BAE OC, 2009). The study helped establish industry standards for selection criteria that are still in use today. OC is an inflammatory where the desired result is to affect the respiratory system. Approximately 85% of the subjects contaminated with OC will move seeking fresh air (BAE CM, 2009). OC comes in both powder and liquid forms and is designed to stay airborne as long as possible. OC powder and liquid munitions are not as persistent as CN and CS and, therefore, may not be as effective, but it is easier to decontaminate a subject and clean and area that has been exposed to OC munitions (BAE CM, 2009). OC is also considered to be safer and less toxic than CN and CS (Chan et al, 2001). The physiological effects of OC are a burning sensation of the upper respiratory system and exposed skin, inflammation of eyes and mucous membranes, and involuntary intermittent blinking or complete shutting of the eyes. The inflammation of the respiratory system causes a sensation of shortness of breath of feeling of suffocation which usually results in coughing. The psychological effects include anxiety, fear of the expected pain, and panic which may cause auditory exclusion where the subject doesnt respond to verbal commands (BAE OC, 2009). There is no standard reaction time for OC products because the reaction time relies on the subjects mental state, the humidity, and the temperature. OC can be delivered in a pepper fog, pepper spray, or pepper foam application. The pepper fog application has a range of 3-4 meters and is effective on single or multiple subjects. Less accuracy is needed due to its wider spray area. The disadvantage of the wider spray area is the potential for users and by-standers being affected by the spray. Its range and effectiveness can also be reduced by high winds. Pepper spray or direct stream has a range of 5-7 meters and its delivery is similar to the stream of a water pistol. There is less of a possibility of user and by-standers being affected by the spray when delivered in this form. It also has a longer range and is less affected by wind. The direct stream delivery has a narrower spray area and requires more accuracy. It is not as effective as a fog pattern on multiple subjects. The foam spray pattern has a range of 3-6 feet and is used in climate-controlled environments such as courtrooms, hospitals, schools, and jails. It has better surface cohesion, reduced cross contamination, and causes virtually no respiratory difficulties. However, it does have a very limited range. After exposure to OC, decontamination should encompass physiological as well as psychological effects. To provide physical relief, eyes should be flushed with water, exposed skin surfaces should be decontaminated, and the subject should be exposed to fresh air. For psychological effects, verbal rapport should be established with the subject and efforts should be made to calm and relax the subject (BAE OC, 2009). It can take from 15 minutes to one hour for the subject to recover from the effects of OC. Liquids are released when the launched projectile breaks apart upon hitting a hard surface, thus releasing the chemical munitions. There are many factors that should be considered before chemical munitions are deployed. Tactical considerations for outdoor deployment include: wind conditions, weather conditions, crowd make up, escape routes, terrain surfaces, fire hazards, sensitive structures nearby (hospitals, schools), and counter-measures present (gas masks). When the chemical munitions are deployed indoors, there are different factors to consider such as entry/exit points, whether the power/water is on or off, the presence of hazardous materials, the subjects location, the location of weapons, the medical condition of subjects, and the subjects access to counter-measures (gas masks, etc). Critics continue to claim that OC spray is not safe. A National Institute of Justice funded study of the safety and effectiveness of OC spray in three North Carolina jurisdictions concluded that the use of pepper spray contributed to only two of the 63 in-custody deaths with both of those involving people with asthma (NIJ, 2003). The other 61 deaths were caused by disease, drug use, positional asphyxiation, or a combination of these effects (NIJ, 2003). Another study by medical researchers at the University of California-San Diego found no evidence that the exposure to pepper spray alone did not pose a significant risk for positional asphyxiation (NIJ, 2003). They also recognized that the use of OC spray reduced the number of injuries to officers and suspects, as well as excessive use of force complaints against law enforcement (NIJ, 2003). Conducted Energy Devices (CED) Conducted energy devices (CED), or electronic control devices (ECD), affect the neuromuscular functions of the body. Their pulse mimics the electrical signals used within the body to communicate between the brain and the muscles. This stimulates the pulsed communication used within the nerves and interferes with communication to the muscles which causes the Central Nervous System to be overwhelmed resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions and temporary immobility (Steverson, 2007). CEDs are available to law enforcement in many different forms including handheld devices, belts, and shields. Handheld devices Most handheld CEDs are more commonly known as Tasers, even though Tasers are a brand of CED manufactured by Taser International. The Taser was invented in the 1960s by Jack Cover, a lead scientist at American Aerospace working on the Apollo Moon Landing Project (Taser, 2009). The name, Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifle (TASER) was derived from one of his favorite boyhood books (Taser, 2009). The handheld CED uses compressed nitrogen to discharge two electric darts or probes that remain connected to the cartridge on the gun by a thin high-voltage insulated wire. The probes deliver electricity in 5-second bursts. CEDs deliver a high voltage, low amperage shock. In order for the shock to be delivered, both probes must connect with the subject to complete the circuit. Although the probe deployments are more effective, the handheld CED also has a drive stun back up feature where it can be used without the cartridge as a stun gun. However, the drive stun does not usually result in incapacitation since it doesnt have a significant impact on the central nervous system (Taser, 2009). It is used as a more as a pain compliance technique. The handheld CEDs work well in enclosed environments and close quarters such as houses, jails, emergency rooms, and crowd control. Their cartridges have a range of 0-21 feet, 0-25 feet, and 0-35 feet (Taser, 2009). They have a good deterrent effect and unlike chemical munitions, decontamination is not a factor. The effectiveness of handheld CEDs can be limited by loose or thick clothing, low nerve or muscle mass on a subject, or wire breakage. Considerations must be made for increased deployment risk when activating handheld CEDs on subjects: in an elevated position (risk of falling), operating machinery, in flammable environments, in water (risk of drowning), obviously pregnant, and frail or infirmed. There are also problems with becoming too reliant on CEDs. Some agencies found that officers relied so heavily on handheld CED use to gain compliance from a subject that they bypassed non-violent conflict resolution techniques, such as negotiations; consequently, agency policies were revised on its use. One Northwest Florida agency does not allow the use of CEDs on subjects who merely refuse to comply (without physical resistance) with a verbal command. One feature developed on Taser CEDs is the anti-felon identification system that uses small confetti-like tags laden with the cartridge serial number in every cartridge. Once the Taser is deployed, the area is sprayed with the confetti-like tags leaving the cartridge serial number behind. Since there are too many to retrieve them all, this leaves a record of who the spent cartridge was registered to. To help prevent overuse and intentional abuse of the Taser, there is also a dataport that can be utilized to record the date and time of every trigger pull of the weapon. Opponents of CEDs have repeatedly claimed that they are responsible for many in-custody deaths. However, a study by the Department of Justice concluded that there is no conclusive medical evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that indicates a high risk of serious injury or death from the direct effects of CED exposure (DOJ, 2008). Furthermore, their reported link to deaths in subjects suffering from excited delirium, a syndrome characterized by agitation and psychosis, also has no foundation as those individuals are already unstable medically and at a high risk of mortality, even with medical intervention and the absence of CED deployment (DOJ, 2008). Belts Electronic stun belts became popular in 1994 when the Bureau of Prisons decided to use them in their medium and high-security lock-ups (Cusac, 1996). One brand of stun belt is the Remote Electronically Activated Control Technology (R.E.A.C.T.) belt manufactured by Stun-Tech, Inc. in Cleveland, Ohio (Staples, 1997). Electronic stun belts that are strapped around a subjects waist are primarily used for prisoner escorts and transports. The stun belt is a 4-inch wide elastic band with two metal prongs powered by a battery that are positioned over the left kidney and activated by a remote control (Staples, 1997). Once activated, it sends a 50, 000 volt shock in 8-second bursts to the back muscles of the subject wearing the belt. Their use can be advantageous to law enforcement personnel as they can be activated remotely. The officer can be as far 300 feet away from the subject when manning the control (Cusac, 1996). Use of the stun belt in courtrooms settings has been shrouded in controversy. In Hawkins v. Comparet-Cassani, the stun belt was place on defendant Ronnie Hawkins after he was being difficult and acting up in the lock-up area of the courthouse (Hawkins v. Comparet-Cassani, 2001). Once in the courtroom, the defendant continued to act in a disruptive manner and made several statements out of order so the judge ordered the officers to activate the stun belt. The court concluded that mere placement of the belt on a detainee raises serious questions going to the merits of the 4th Amendment and 8th Amendment claims and also addressed that it had the potential to compromise an individuals ability to participate in his or her own defense (Hawkins v. Comparet-Cassini, 2001). In People v. Mar, 28 CAL.4th 1201 (2002) the California Supreme Court ordered a new trial after the defendant, James Allen Mar, was unwillingly required to wear a stun belt during his trial (Ofgang, 2002). The court ruled that because of the nature of the device and its effect once activated, requiring an unwilling defendant to wear a stun belt during trial may have significant psychological consequences that may impair his ability to assist with his counsel and therefore violated his 6th Amendment right to counsel (Ofgang, 2002). Shields An electronic stun shield generates an electric shock that is only delivered when a subject touches the shield after it has been activates. Convex type electronic shields are used for crowd management or riot control and concave type electronic shields are used for capturing a subject (Stanley, 2008). The convex shield is used to push subjects away, while the concave is used for pinning subjects preventing their movement (Staples, 2008). Conclusion In an effort to minimize the risk of death and serious injuries to officers and citizens and limit damage to the adjacent areas, law enforcement agencies have employed the use of less lethal weapons. Less lethal weapons are available in a variety of devices that cause distraction, pain compliance, and temporary immobility. Some are better suited for open areas or outdoor environment, while others work well in smaller, enclosed areas. The use of less lethal weapons can cause physiological and psychological effects of varying severity. These effects lead to their success at being effective. Although the use of less lethal weapons reduces injuries to subjects, it also increases scrutiny of law enforcement use of force and often the liability of court action. Less lethal weapons come in a variety of devices that