Public Finance - 1387 Words

The government has no source of revenue, except the taxes paid by the producers. To free itself - for a while - from the limits set by reality, the government initiates a credit con game on a scale which the private manipulator could not dream of. It borrows money from you today, which is to be repaid with money it will borrow from you tomorrow, which is to be repaid with money it will borrow from you day after tomorrow, and so on. This is known as deficit financing. -Ayn Rand PART ONE In 1936, Republican Representative Harold Knuston of Minnesota proposed what would be the first constitutional amendment to balance the federal budget. The Knutson resolution would have established a per capita limit on all†¦show more content†¦Schultze further effectively portrays a general public that would struggle to understand the impact of the amendment until it reached Main Street, taking the form of a decline in the quality and performance of government (at all levels), higher taxes, and expenditure cuts†¦or the cumulative effect of all three in one swoop! An examination of other germane issues is necessary. One perplexing issue is that federal financial statements neither account for the value of capital assets nor develop a separate capital budget. â€Å"Unlike the states and many local governments, the federal government does not have a separate capital budget.† No large corporation or business could or would be allowed to operate in this manner. An accounting statement devoid of accurate accountability for capital assets are fatally flawed for use as a budgetary document. â€Å"The second major distinction between normal business accounting and the practices used by the government is that the federal government does not use accrual accounting or GAAP (Generally accepted accounting procedures) Until the federal government can account for assets in calculations, utilize accepted accounting practices, and provide more concrete facts concerning debt and deficit it would seem unwise to alter the Constitution, to the point that we cannot count the costs for an informed decision because we do not know the cost! In comparing the two articles, Buchanan refers to budgetShow MoreRelatedThe Strong Performance Of Public Finances1198 Words   |  5 Pages The strong performance of public finances in Sweden is an interesting case.Previous studies have compared the current crisis with the banking crisis in Sweden in the early 1990s to study the reason behind Sweden’s strong public finances (Flodà ©n, 2013). When comparing the macroeconomic behavior during the current crisis and during the banking crisis in the early 1990s, it showed a larger drop in GDP and in exports while unemployment increased very less during the current crisis. The absence of largeRead MoreFinance Of The Public Debt2307 Words   |  10 PagesBuying Treasury Securities The Bureau of the PUBLIC DEBT Department of the Treasury Treasury Securities The Treasury issues three types of marketable securities - bills, notes, and bonds. These securities are direct obligations of the United States Government. When originally issued, they are sold through an auction process. They are commonly known as marketable securities because after their original issue that may be bought or sold in the secondary (commercial) market at the prevailing marketRead MoreThe Government And Government Of Public Finance1622 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The branch in which we read thoroughly the contribution of the government in money related matters is known as public finance. In this branch we analyze the government and government expenditure of public authorities with the help of these we tries to achieve useful effects discarding harmful effects. The initial point for accessing the public finance is the proper role of finance. Actually during special conditions private markets will distribute goods and services among people in a effectiveRead Morenotes about Public Finance Essay1824 Words   |  8 PagesName -----------------------------------ID# -----------------------------------Public Finance Homework 2 Due in class – October 28 There are 20 multiple-choice questions, each is worth 5 points for a total of 100 points plus one extracredit question. Please, write with pen, print and staple this HW. I. Externalities Problem: Firms A and B each produce 80 units of pollution. The federal government wants to reduce pollution levels. The marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MCARead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Has Caused A Massive Deterioration Of Public Finances1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe global financial crisis has caused a massive deterioration in public finances in the euro area. The 2009 recession severely curtailed public revenues and weighed heavily on the welfare state. In addition, states have boarded on bank bailouts and costly stimulus packages. In 2010, no country belonging to the euro area was able to comply with the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Public debt in the euro area increased from 65% to 85% of GDP between 2007 and 2010. This debt crisis was certainlyRead MoreBuilding Finance And Operate For Procuring A Major Public Sector Project907 Words   |  4 PagesThe basis of Design Build Finance and Operate for procuring a major public sector project For the past twenty years, as stated by Gil (2013) , the new way by which the rapid demand of the public in terms of social vertical and horizontal infrastructures are manage is generally referred to as the Public Private Partnership (PPP). As also mentioned by HM Treasury (2008), all services under the public which are to be executed by means of the Public Private Partner system are of the guarantee to beRead MorePublic Finance1372 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1: MEANING, NATURE AND SCOPE OF PUBLIC FINANCE Def: Public Finance is the field of economics that studies government activities and the alternative means of financing government expenditures. Our focus in this course is on the microeconomic functions of government, the way government affects the allocation of resources and the distribution of income. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Appropriation Act gives the Government of Belize the authority to collect revenue and incur expenditure withinRead MorePublic Finance2835 Words   |  12 Pagespublic finance is the study of the financial activities of governments and public authorities. divided into three categories: a - Knowing what activities the public sector engages in and how these are organized (that is, revenue gathering and expenditures) b - Understanding and foreseeing the full consequences of these governmental activities c - Evaluating alternative policies. The positive side describes the activities of the public sector, explains the reasons of the programs in existence andRead MoreThe Principles Of Public Finance828 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact of this shift there are several principles of public finance that come into play. We will review three principles and discuss the impact this initiative has on all three. Principle of Public Finance 1 – Market Failure Market failure is defined as â€Å"when the market economy fails to fairly and efficiently allocate all resources, products, money income, and assets to their highest valued among alternative (social) uses† (Baker College, 2016, Public Sector Failure and Market Failure section, paraRead MorePublic Finance Assignment831 Words   |  4 PagesProblem 1 (Public goods/Voting) Recommended source: Rosen, Public Finance. Citizens/voters in a hamlet inhabited by only three citizens consider the provision of street light. The marginal benefit curve of each citizen is downward sloping in the amount of street light provided. The cost of providing street light consists of erecting lamp posts and the electricity for illumination. For part a)-c) of this question, assume the following: All lamps are switched on during the hours of darkness such

The History of the Invention of Blue Jeans and Denim

In 1853, the California gold rush was in full swing, and everyday items were in short supply. Levi Strauss, a 24-year-old German immigrant, left New York for San Francisco with a small supply of dry goods with the intention of opening a branch of his brothers New York dry goods business. Shortly after his arrival, a prospector wanted to know what Mr. Levi Strauss was selling. When Strauss told him he had a rough canvas to use for tents and wagon covers, the prospector said, You should have brought pants! saying he couldn’t find a pair of pants strong enough to last. Denim Blue Jeans Levi Strauss had the canvas made into waist overalls. Miners liked the pants but complained that they tended to chafe. Levi Strauss substituted a twilled cotton cloth from France called serge de Nimes. The fabric later became known as denim and the pants were nicknamed blue jeans. Levi Strauss Company In 1873, Levi Strauss Company began using the pocket stitch design. Levi Strauss and a Reno Nevada-based Latvian tailor by the name of Jacob Davis co-patented the process of putting rivets in pants for strength. On May 20, 1873, they received U.S. Patent No.139,121. This date is now considered the official birthday of blue jeans. Levi Strauss asked Jacob Davis to come to San Francisco to oversee the first manufacturing facility for waist overalls, as the original jeans were known as. The two-horse brand design was first used in 1886. The red tab attached to the left rear pocket was created in 1936 as a means of identifying Levi’s jeans at a distance. All are registered trademarks that are still in use.

Cell Phone Usage While Driving Free Essays

Cell phones have grown in popularity enormously in the last twenty years. Having a cell phone has become a necessity for twelve year olds to senior citizens. Cell phones are the most widely used device of communication for Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Usage While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only are cell phones used for talking, but also many cell phones have capabilities to do everything that a computer can do. Due to the increasing popularity and ever changing technological developments, cell phone usage has increased while operating a motorized vehicle. Using a cell phone while operating a motorized vehicle would be fine, if it was not dangerous. Driving alone can be a dangerous action within itself. When cell phones are added to the equation, the danger factor is raised significantly. Anything that distracts a driver from focusing on driving can pose a potential threat. Drivers assume that they can multitask while driving. Cell phones are a necessity to American society. Drivers feel as if they have the right to use their phone when and where they want. Why do drivers willingly put their lives and others at risk? It is impossible for drivers to have total focus on driving if they are using their cell phones. Matt Richtell addressed some of the issues of cell phone usage while operating a motorized vehicle in his article â€Å"Safety Group to Call for Ban on Texting While Driving†: Studies show that motorists who send or receive a text message have a tendency to take their eyes off the road for five seconds to do so. That is enough time for their car to travel more than the length of a football field at highway speeds. Studies show that drivers who talk on the phone are four times likelier to crash than those who are not on the phone. But regulating or legislating against talking on cell phones while driving is likely to be less popular with the public than bans on texting, according to legislators around the country and some polls on the issue. (â€Å"Safety† B4) Although studies have shown that using a cell phone while driving can be fatal, drivers are willing to take that risk. If most drivers had their way, cell phone usage while driving would not be an issue. Most drivers will continue not to care about cell phone usage while driving until it hurts them or a loved one. Elisabeth Rosenthal addresses some of the issues involving an accident where a cell phone was the killer in her article â€Å"When Texting Kills, Britain Offers Path to Prison†: The crash might once have been written off as a tragic accident. Ms. Curtis’s alcohol level was zero. [†¦] She had exchanged nearly two dozen messages with at least five friends. [†¦] Until Tory’s death I texted while driving, as have most people. I don’t think she realized the danger she was causing. (â€Å"When† A1) This tragic accident happened in Britain. The woman that was texting while driving was sentenced between four and seven years. The laws are stricter in Britain than the United States. The United States has made some progress regarding cell phone usage while driving. Congress is trying to encourage states to ban texting while driving. Congress should not let this be up to the states. This issue is a problem that should be handled on the federal level. Matt Richtell explains the policies that Senators are trying to implement in his article â€Å"Senators Seek a Band on Texting and Driving†: States that do not ban texting by drivers could forfeit hundreds of millions of dollars in federal highway funds under legislation introduced Wednesday in the Senate. Under the measure, states would have two years to outlaw the sending of text and e-mail messages by drivers or lose 25 percent of their highway money each year until the money was depleted. We oppose sanctioning states since there is not yet a proven effective method for enforcing a texting or cell phone ban. â€Å"Senators† B4) Although Senators oppose outlawing texting on a federal level they should do more than implement a voluntary ban. People have been killed and will continue to die because of the use of cell phones while driving. Some states will not ban texting because they want to be well liked by the public. Congress has to do more than what they have done in the past. They will wait until; too many lives have been lost to actually implement a mandatory policy. Utah is an exception to this policy. Matt Richtell addresses some of the policies regarding cell phone usage while driving in his article â€Å"Utah Gets Tough With Texting Drivers†: In most states, if somebody is texting behind the wheel and causes a crash that injures or kills someone, the penalty can be as light as a fine. Utah is much tougher. [†¦] Utah passed the nation’s toughest law to crack down on texting behind the wheel. Offenders now face up to 15 years in prison. The new law, which took effect in May, penalizes a texting driver who causes a fatality as harshly as a drunken driver who kills someone. Utah is a great example for the United States and other states should follow their lead. Texting while driving is no different from being under the influence of alcohol while driving. Even if the government outlaws any cell phone usage while driving, drivers will continue use their cell phones. No matter what the government does, the ultimate decision lies within the driver’s hand. Is a text message or phone call worth risking lives? For some drivers it is. All it takes is one second and innocent lives can be lost. Unless drivers are willing to die, they should prohibit the use of cell phones while driving. How to cite Cell Phone Usage While Driving, Essay examples Cell Phone Usage While Driving Free Essays It’s an even greater challenge if I don’t have my eating glasses on I never wear them while driving. It takes two hands to type. My 20-something children can do it one handed, rarely looking at the keyboard. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Usage While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now The light changes. I’m almost finished. â€Å"Hurry, Hurry,† I tell my self, pulling into the intersection while pressing â€Å"send†. Boone. L. (2009, August 10). Cell phone usage while driving should be banned completely in the US do to all hazards it creates on a daily basis on US roads. As a professional driver (truck driver) he sees it everyday, drivers with a cell phone in hand testing while driving, or on the phone talking to someone, completely unaware of their surroundings, swerving, slowing down, ten, twenty, and even thirty miles an hour from the posted speed limit, not thinking for one second the dangerous situation that they are putting themselves and others in. He doesn’t understand how can drivers despite of all the advertising campaigns on television, radio, billboards, newspapers, and magazines, drivers still go a head and use that cell phone while driving. But one of the worst thing he sees on a daily basis, is the people that are supposed to be enforcing this laws (the cops) are the first to be breaking them. Just every cop he sees driving on the road is talking on the cell phone. Wright, like they say â€Å"lead by example†. Just the other day while driving on the highway as he was approaching an off ramp, he looks to the right and see a car with a young woman driving and a baby in the rear seat, she is on the phone, not looking to the left for one second to check the on coming traffic, and Just as she is at the point were the off ramp meets the highways, she takes a look to the left, and realizes that she has no room to go in to the highway and has to force her self to the shoulder and into the rays, almost crashing into the trees. How can she be so careless? What kind of person puts a baby and them self in that situation? Mansfield, S. (2000, Mar. )† A report by The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that driving while using the cell phone probably is hazardous, but wouldn’t speculate how great the risk was, nor what other mitigating factors might be involve†. Now the numbers are staggering, Schroeder, P. , Meyers, M. Stinkbug, L. 2013, April) the statistics for 2011 on cell phone and driving say it’s estimated that at least 23% of all car accidents ACH year involves cell phone use – that’s 1. 3 million crashes, 3,331 people were killed and 387,00 were injured, and in 2012, 24% of all car accidents each year involves cell phone use, 3,328 people were killed, and 421,00 were injured. With this type of statistics, and as we can see, on the rise every year, what are the law makers or the government waiting for, to establish a ban on cell phone use while driving. States have proposed bans on cell phone use while driving, for example: Excerpt by Mansfield, S. (2000, Mar. ) in Arizona, a person shall not operate a motor vehicle on a Agway while using a cellular telephone, a computer, headphones or earphones, excluding hearing aids or other devices for improving the hearing of the person, and any other electronic device not installed by the manufacturer an that is not essential to the operation of a motor vehicle. In Colorado, â€Å"mobile communications device† means a cellular phone, citizen’s band radio, or other device that enables a person in a motor vehicle to transmit and receive audio signals†¦ No person shall use mobile communication device while operating a motor vehicle unless the device is pacifically designated to allow hands-free operation. Like the states mention above, in 2000 there were seven more states, that propose bans on cell phones while driving and nothing has come out of this proposals. From the year 2000 to present, the numbers on this surveys and studies that are been conducted by this government entities and private companies are still on the rise, and drivers don’t seem to want to change their habits while driving, and all the debates between state legislators don’t seem to be getting them no were, and at least for the moment don’t for see any hangs in the laws any time soon. What can we, as responsible adults, and drivers do to help minimize this hazards that are been created by irresponsible drivers everyday. How can we get this so called legislators, to change their minds and finally approve bans that we so desperately need to make our roads much safer than what they are now. Have we not seen enough? How many friends, family members, families, and children, or loved ones need to be killed or affected, before someone does something about this absent minded killer. How to cite Cell Phone Usage While Driving, Papers Cell Phone Usage While Driving Free Essays Cell Phone Usage While Driving The cellular phone has brought many services and many different ways of communicating. It has definitely made communication so much easier. However, when it comes to road safety, the cellular phone may be considered a risk especially when text messages and calls are received. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Usage While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now On January 11, 2009 I got in a serious accident because of using the cellular phone while I was driving. I was driving to my friend’s house and I just received a text message. I was driving 45 mph in 35 mph zone and texting the same time. As soon as I looked up I passed a stop sign and collided to the car that was in front of me. My car was damaged and my insurance went up. Ever since the introduction of text messages, society has grown aware of the dangerous of texting while driving. Even though all people understand how it affects their life and the other people’s life, they still use their cellular phone. I was reading the Gazette newspaper the other day and according to the national highway traffic administration, 16% of all fatal crashes in 2008 were caused by driver distraction. One of the most obvious things that happen when a driver is texting while driving is that the driver would avert his eyes form the road for around five seconds. This is more than enough time for a person to run in front of the vehicle or for the vehicle in front of you to make a sudden stop or to miss seeing the light change. The Washington Post news paper edition of June12, 2010 talks about a study that was done by University of Utah psychologists using a driving simulator under four different conditions: with no distractions, using a handheld cell phone, talking on a hands-free cell phone, and while intoxicated to the 0. 08 percent blood-alcohol level, 40 participants followed a simulated pace car that braked intermittently. Researchers found that the drivers on cell phones drove more slowly, braked more slowly and were more likely to crash. In fact, the three participants who collided into the pace car were chatting away. None of the drunken drivers crashed. Now laws have been enforced to prevent accidents from happening on roadways. States such as California, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Washington D. C. have passed laws that prohibit the use of hand held cell phones while driving. Maryland becomes the seven states to pass the cell phone use while driving. A 2003 Harvard study estimated that cell phone distractions caused 2,600 traffic deaths every year, and 330,000 accidents that result in moderate or severe injuries but Americans have largely ignored that research. Instead, they increasingly use phones, navigation devices and even laptops to turn their cars into mobile offices, chat rooms and entertainment centers, making roads more dangerous to other drivers. District of Columbia require drivers who talk on cell phones to use hands-free devices, but research shows that using headsets can be as dangerous as holding a phone because the conversation distracts drivers from focusing on the road. Older drivers were slightly less likely to get into accidents than younger drivers; they tend to have a greater following distance. Their reactions are impaired, but they are driving so careful they were less likely to smash into somebody. Also new drives are especially on the top list to have an accident when they use a cell phone while driving. The reasoning for this is that new drivers have less experience in focusing on driving during distractions. Also teen drivers send text messages while driving. Since text messaging involves the hands and the eyes, this is thought to be more distracting and dangerous than when drivers use a cell phone while driving only for speaking and listening. Now days most of the new cars has phones that is already built in the car and using that is would be dangerous as picking up the phone and dialing. Overall, if drivers feel they cannot use a handless device or if they are easily distracted on the road by their conversation, then they should not be driving, because they are a danger to others on the road. Also if they need to talk or text they should pull up to the side and finish their business before they get back to the road and driving. How to cite Cell Phone Usage While Driving, Papers

Research Manipulation

Question: Are these misleading statistics or research fraud? Answer: As per the observation of the given video, the major concern is Dr. Anil Potti, who was claimed to manipulate data of clinical cancer research for establishing his cancer research strategy. It is a research fraud. It has been found that his strategy failed with the original data but got successful results with manipulated data (Fuerst, 2012). This incidence was about a clinical trial in which a patient, Julia Jacobs died after three months of the clinical trial. These kinds of research frauds are more common than limits of human perception. In this context, research laboratories should introduce more advanced review team through the provision of adequate training. The level of retractions is enhancing and these fraudsters are setting new records like Dr. Potti, who is working in South Carolina as a cancer doctor and his online profile is showing his significant contribution in lung cancer research (Fuerst, 2012). To reduce these kinds of fraud cases, more efficient institutional review board should be established. If someone is shown to do this kind of research fraud, the consequences should lead to his compensation for this. The research license should be banned. The training and mentoring programs should be established with improved quality. These cases shown in the video are categorized as research fraud, not misleadin g statistics, as the data were being manipulated for establishing the research strategy (Fang, Steen Casadevall, 2012). A policy, acknowledging the crucial contributions of whistleblowers could be introduced for effective protection measures in the laboratories. In addition, another important point is that, immediately after addressing these facts, the paper should be banned for public access (Fang, Steen Casadevall, 2012). Reference List Fang, F. C., Steen, R. G., Casadevall, A. (2012). Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(42), 17028-17033. Fuerst, H. (2012). Duke Clinical Trials - 60 Minutes. YouTube. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5sZTNPMQRM