Cell Phone Usage While Driving Free Essays

Cell phones have grown in popularity enormously in the last twenty years. Having a cell phone has become a necessity for twelve year olds to senior citizens. Cell phones are the most widely used device of communication for Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Usage While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only are cell phones used for talking, but also many cell phones have capabilities to do everything that a computer can do. Due to the increasing popularity and ever changing technological developments, cell phone usage has increased while operating a motorized vehicle. Using a cell phone while operating a motorized vehicle would be fine, if it was not dangerous. Driving alone can be a dangerous action within itself. When cell phones are added to the equation, the danger factor is raised significantly. Anything that distracts a driver from focusing on driving can pose a potential threat. Drivers assume that they can multitask while driving. Cell phones are a necessity to American society. Drivers feel as if they have the right to use their phone when and where they want. Why do drivers willingly put their lives and others at risk? It is impossible for drivers to have total focus on driving if they are using their cell phones. Matt Richtell addressed some of the issues of cell phone usage while operating a motorized vehicle in his article â€Å"Safety Group to Call for Ban on Texting While Driving†: Studies show that motorists who send or receive a text message have a tendency to take their eyes off the road for five seconds to do so. That is enough time for their car to travel more than the length of a football field at highway speeds. Studies show that drivers who talk on the phone are four times likelier to crash than those who are not on the phone. But regulating or legislating against talking on cell phones while driving is likely to be less popular with the public than bans on texting, according to legislators around the country and some polls on the issue. (â€Å"Safety† B4) Although studies have shown that using a cell phone while driving can be fatal, drivers are willing to take that risk. If most drivers had their way, cell phone usage while driving would not be an issue. Most drivers will continue not to care about cell phone usage while driving until it hurts them or a loved one. Elisabeth Rosenthal addresses some of the issues involving an accident where a cell phone was the killer in her article â€Å"When Texting Kills, Britain Offers Path to Prison†: The crash might once have been written off as a tragic accident. Ms. Curtis’s alcohol level was zero. [†¦] She had exchanged nearly two dozen messages with at least five friends. [†¦] Until Tory’s death I texted while driving, as have most people. I don’t think she realized the danger she was causing. (â€Å"When† A1) This tragic accident happened in Britain. The woman that was texting while driving was sentenced between four and seven years. The laws are stricter in Britain than the United States. The United States has made some progress regarding cell phone usage while driving. Congress is trying to encourage states to ban texting while driving. Congress should not let this be up to the states. This issue is a problem that should be handled on the federal level. Matt Richtell explains the policies that Senators are trying to implement in his article â€Å"Senators Seek a Band on Texting and Driving†: States that do not ban texting by drivers could forfeit hundreds of millions of dollars in federal highway funds under legislation introduced Wednesday in the Senate. Under the measure, states would have two years to outlaw the sending of text and e-mail messages by drivers or lose 25 percent of their highway money each year until the money was depleted. We oppose sanctioning states since there is not yet a proven effective method for enforcing a texting or cell phone ban. â€Å"Senators† B4) Although Senators oppose outlawing texting on a federal level they should do more than implement a voluntary ban. People have been killed and will continue to die because of the use of cell phones while driving. Some states will not ban texting because they want to be well liked by the public. Congress has to do more than what they have done in the past. They will wait until; too many lives have been lost to actually implement a mandatory policy. Utah is an exception to this policy. Matt Richtell addresses some of the policies regarding cell phone usage while driving in his article â€Å"Utah Gets Tough With Texting Drivers†: In most states, if somebody is texting behind the wheel and causes a crash that injures or kills someone, the penalty can be as light as a fine. Utah is much tougher. [†¦] Utah passed the nation’s toughest law to crack down on texting behind the wheel. Offenders now face up to 15 years in prison. The new law, which took effect in May, penalizes a texting driver who causes a fatality as harshly as a drunken driver who kills someone. Utah is a great example for the United States and other states should follow their lead. Texting while driving is no different from being under the influence of alcohol while driving. Even if the government outlaws any cell phone usage while driving, drivers will continue use their cell phones. No matter what the government does, the ultimate decision lies within the driver’s hand. Is a text message or phone call worth risking lives? For some drivers it is. All it takes is one second and innocent lives can be lost. Unless drivers are willing to die, they should prohibit the use of cell phones while driving. How to cite Cell Phone Usage While Driving, Essay examples Cell Phone Usage While Driving Free Essays It’s an even greater challenge if I don’t have my eating glasses on I never wear them while driving. It takes two hands to type. My 20-something children can do it one handed, rarely looking at the keyboard. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Usage While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now The light changes. I’m almost finished. â€Å"Hurry, Hurry,† I tell my self, pulling into the intersection while pressing â€Å"send†. Boone. L. (2009, August 10). Cell phone usage while driving should be banned completely in the US do to all hazards it creates on a daily basis on US roads. As a professional driver (truck driver) he sees it everyday, drivers with a cell phone in hand testing while driving, or on the phone talking to someone, completely unaware of their surroundings, swerving, slowing down, ten, twenty, and even thirty miles an hour from the posted speed limit, not thinking for one second the dangerous situation that they are putting themselves and others in. He doesn’t understand how can drivers despite of all the advertising campaigns on television, radio, billboards, newspapers, and magazines, drivers still go a head and use that cell phone while driving. But one of the worst thing he sees on a daily basis, is the people that are supposed to be enforcing this laws (the cops) are the first to be breaking them. Just every cop he sees driving on the road is talking on the cell phone. Wright, like they say â€Å"lead by example†. Just the other day while driving on the highway as he was approaching an off ramp, he looks to the right and see a car with a young woman driving and a baby in the rear seat, she is on the phone, not looking to the left for one second to check the on coming traffic, and Just as she is at the point were the off ramp meets the highways, she takes a look to the left, and realizes that she has no room to go in to the highway and has to force her self to the shoulder and into the rays, almost crashing into the trees. How can she be so careless? What kind of person puts a baby and them self in that situation? Mansfield, S. (2000, Mar. )† A report by The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that driving while using the cell phone probably is hazardous, but wouldn’t speculate how great the risk was, nor what other mitigating factors might be involve†. Now the numbers are staggering, Schroeder, P. , Meyers, M. Stinkbug, L. 2013, April) the statistics for 2011 on cell phone and driving say it’s estimated that at least 23% of all car accidents ACH year involves cell phone use – that’s 1. 3 million crashes, 3,331 people were killed and 387,00 were injured, and in 2012, 24% of all car accidents each year involves cell phone use, 3,328 people were killed, and 421,00 were injured. With this type of statistics, and as we can see, on the rise every year, what are the law makers or the government waiting for, to establish a ban on cell phone use while driving. States have proposed bans on cell phone use while driving, for example: Excerpt by Mansfield, S. (2000, Mar. ) in Arizona, a person shall not operate a motor vehicle on a Agway while using a cellular telephone, a computer, headphones or earphones, excluding hearing aids or other devices for improving the hearing of the person, and any other electronic device not installed by the manufacturer an that is not essential to the operation of a motor vehicle. In Colorado, â€Å"mobile communications device† means a cellular phone, citizen’s band radio, or other device that enables a person in a motor vehicle to transmit and receive audio signals†¦ No person shall use mobile communication device while operating a motor vehicle unless the device is pacifically designated to allow hands-free operation. Like the states mention above, in 2000 there were seven more states, that propose bans on cell phones while driving and nothing has come out of this proposals. From the year 2000 to present, the numbers on this surveys and studies that are been conducted by this government entities and private companies are still on the rise, and drivers don’t seem to want to change their habits while driving, and all the debates between state legislators don’t seem to be getting them no were, and at least for the moment don’t for see any hangs in the laws any time soon. What can we, as responsible adults, and drivers do to help minimize this hazards that are been created by irresponsible drivers everyday. How can we get this so called legislators, to change their minds and finally approve bans that we so desperately need to make our roads much safer than what they are now. Have we not seen enough? How many friends, family members, families, and children, or loved ones need to be killed or affected, before someone does something about this absent minded killer. How to cite Cell Phone Usage While Driving, Papers Cell Phone Usage While Driving Free Essays Cell Phone Usage While Driving The cellular phone has brought many services and many different ways of communicating. It has definitely made communication so much easier. However, when it comes to road safety, the cellular phone may be considered a risk especially when text messages and calls are received. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Usage While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now On January 11, 2009 I got in a serious accident because of using the cellular phone while I was driving. I was driving to my friend’s house and I just received a text message. I was driving 45 mph in 35 mph zone and texting the same time. As soon as I looked up I passed a stop sign and collided to the car that was in front of me. My car was damaged and my insurance went up. Ever since the introduction of text messages, society has grown aware of the dangerous of texting while driving. Even though all people understand how it affects their life and the other people’s life, they still use their cellular phone. I was reading the Gazette newspaper the other day and according to the national highway traffic administration, 16% of all fatal crashes in 2008 were caused by driver distraction. One of the most obvious things that happen when a driver is texting while driving is that the driver would avert his eyes form the road for around five seconds. This is more than enough time for a person to run in front of the vehicle or for the vehicle in front of you to make a sudden stop or to miss seeing the light change. The Washington Post news paper edition of June12, 2010 talks about a study that was done by University of Utah psychologists using a driving simulator under four different conditions: with no distractions, using a handheld cell phone, talking on a hands-free cell phone, and while intoxicated to the 0. 08 percent blood-alcohol level, 40 participants followed a simulated pace car that braked intermittently. Researchers found that the drivers on cell phones drove more slowly, braked more slowly and were more likely to crash. In fact, the three participants who collided into the pace car were chatting away. None of the drunken drivers crashed. Now laws have been enforced to prevent accidents from happening on roadways. States such as California, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Washington D. C. have passed laws that prohibit the use of hand held cell phones while driving. Maryland becomes the seven states to pass the cell phone use while driving. A 2003 Harvard study estimated that cell phone distractions caused 2,600 traffic deaths every year, and 330,000 accidents that result in moderate or severe injuries but Americans have largely ignored that research. Instead, they increasingly use phones, navigation devices and even laptops to turn their cars into mobile offices, chat rooms and entertainment centers, making roads more dangerous to other drivers. District of Columbia require drivers who talk on cell phones to use hands-free devices, but research shows that using headsets can be as dangerous as holding a phone because the conversation distracts drivers from focusing on the road. Older drivers were slightly less likely to get into accidents than younger drivers; they tend to have a greater following distance. Their reactions are impaired, but they are driving so careful they were less likely to smash into somebody. Also new drives are especially on the top list to have an accident when they use a cell phone while driving. The reasoning for this is that new drivers have less experience in focusing on driving during distractions. Also teen drivers send text messages while driving. Since text messaging involves the hands and the eyes, this is thought to be more distracting and dangerous than when drivers use a cell phone while driving only for speaking and listening. Now days most of the new cars has phones that is already built in the car and using that is would be dangerous as picking up the phone and dialing. Overall, if drivers feel they cannot use a handless device or if they are easily distracted on the road by their conversation, then they should not be driving, because they are a danger to others on the road. Also if they need to talk or text they should pull up to the side and finish their business before they get back to the road and driving. How to cite Cell Phone Usage While Driving, Papers

Research Manipulation

Question: Are these misleading statistics or research fraud? Answer: As per the observation of the given video, the major concern is Dr. Anil Potti, who was claimed to manipulate data of clinical cancer research for establishing his cancer research strategy. It is a research fraud. It has been found that his strategy failed with the original data but got successful results with manipulated data (Fuerst, 2012). This incidence was about a clinical trial in which a patient, Julia Jacobs died after three months of the clinical trial. These kinds of research frauds are more common than limits of human perception. In this context, research laboratories should introduce more advanced review team through the provision of adequate training. The level of retractions is enhancing and these fraudsters are setting new records like Dr. Potti, who is working in South Carolina as a cancer doctor and his online profile is showing his significant contribution in lung cancer research (Fuerst, 2012). To reduce these kinds of fraud cases, more efficient institutional review board should be established. If someone is shown to do this kind of research fraud, the consequences should lead to his compensation for this. The research license should be banned. The training and mentoring programs should be established with improved quality. These cases shown in the video are categorized as research fraud, not misleadin g statistics, as the data were being manipulated for establishing the research strategy (Fang, Steen Casadevall, 2012). A policy, acknowledging the crucial contributions of whistleblowers could be introduced for effective protection measures in the laboratories. In addition, another important point is that, immediately after addressing these facts, the paper should be banned for public access (Fang, Steen Casadevall, 2012). Reference List Fang, F. C., Steen, R. G., Casadevall, A. (2012). Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(42), 17028-17033. Fuerst, H. (2012). Duke Clinical Trials - 60 Minutes. YouTube. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5sZTNPMQRM

Child Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation

Shocking stories of trafficked children forced into slavery is often cited in newspapers. Children are trafficked for sexual exploitation, slavery, etc. Children from poor families from Africa, Southeast Asia, etc. are lured with dreams of migrating to Europe or America and gaining a better life. But instead, they are caught in the web of servitude.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Child Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Trafficking in children is a global problem that has serious consequences to the present and future generations. An estimated number of 1 to 1.2 million children is trafficked globally annually (Beyrer 2004). The global trafficking industry is estimated to have a turnover of more than $10 million and 50 percent of this is child trafficking (UNICEF 2005). Children are sold as commodities in this web of international trade. They are sold in foreign countries or int ernally usually from rural to urban areas. The enslavement of children results in millions of victims who are abused, smuggled and traded. These victims face cruel assault on their security and solemnity. Child trafficking violates many core human rights, as it is a severe attack on human dignity. These children become victims of different forms of exploitation like sexual exploitation, forced labour, removal of organs etc. (Larsen 2011). Sexual exploitation of children being trafficked is a major problem is regions like Southeast Asia (Rafferty 2007), EU (Staiger 2005), Canada (Grover 2006), etc. One of the main issues related to trafficking of children is how rampant is the problem and the identification of the victim. Further, trafficking of children poses concern for policymakers from both the countries where trafficking occurs and those where these children are trafficked. Issues related to the prevention and subsequent rehabilitation of the trafficked children is observed in m any developed countries. This paper discusses the various facets of child trafficking and its related issue of sexual exploitation of the trafficked children. Further, the paper sheds light on the trafficking of children in Canada. In order to understand the problem related to child trafficking it is necessary to define the term trafficking. Trafficking is defined under Article 3 of the United Nations Protocol as the process of â€Å"recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion †¦ for the purpose of exploitation.† (UNICEF 2005:11)Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The definition clearly identifies the process of trafficking as a serious impingement to human rights and as an illegal activity. Further, the protocol clearly identifies the case of child trafficking as different fr om that of women or male adult trafficking, as it concerns a minor. The nature of the trafficking crime becomes more intense as a minor gets into the trap of the trafficker due to deceit. The nature of exploitation of the children trafficked are varied in nature. According to the protocol exploitation is defined as â€Å"at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs† (UNICEF 2005:11). The exploitative nature of child trafficking makes it more severely inhuman as an activity. Trafficking is a criminal act even though the definition many times does not explicitly mention it to be illegal. There is a definite lack of proper identification and data maintained for the number of trafficked children, but the number is huge and it is increasing consistently every year. The exploitative nature of trafficking is abundantly clear. Children ar e trafficked for various exploitative purposes that include forced labour, sexual exploitation, marriage, domestic labour, military recruitment, and most heinously, for their organs. However, most of these children are trafficked for sex trade. An estimated number of 1.8 million children in 2000, according to International Labour Organization (ILO), are traded into prostitution or pornographic industry. (UNICEF 2005; Staiger 2005) These children become victims of extreme form of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Children are widely being recruited in conflict zones in armies or militia (Beyrer 2004; UNICEF 2005). The role of the children varies in such outfits where they work as soldiers, cooks, messengers, porters or sexual partners. Girls in conflict zones are extremely vulnerable to sexual abuse. Children join such outfits due to extreme poverty or are abducted. In EU, children are trafficked for sexual exploitation from Central and Eastern European countries (Staiger 20 05). Children above the age of 14 years are forced by poverty or gender related factors to succumb to traffickers. For instance, trafficking of Nepalese girls for sexual exploitation is largely related to domestic gender differences (Rafferty 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Child Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such countries, children are recruited mainly through the Internet, and transported to the EU countries. Germany is one of the destinations for children trafficked for sexual exploitation from Czech, Russia and Ukraine (Staiger 2005). Italy, Greece, and Belgium are destination for Albanian kids to be trafficked (Staiger 2005). Why there is a rise in global trafficking of children? The reason lies in the widening gap between the poor and the rich, as the latter has access to greater chunk of the already scarce resources. The structural reasons that are driving child trafficking is demand for cheap child labour, especially those who can be controlled and continuously monitored. An ILO estimate reveals that in 2003 there were 8 million children living under debt bondage mostly due to trafficking (Beyrer 2004) and more than 2 million children trafficked globally are exploited for sexual labour (Rafferty 2007). Omnivorous sex trade is also in demand, but girls are mostly in demand among traffickers as heterosexual sex trade has a greater demand. Sexual abusers may be paedophile abuser, prostitution, pornographic industry, and sex tourism (Rafferty 2007). Canada, like many other developed countries, is destination for child traffickers. Children are brought in the country in crowded cargoes in ships in inhuman condition without food or water or ventilation (Grover 2006). These children are forced into prostitution or in the pornographic industry. However, there is an increasing problem of identification of these children. Further, the Canadia n government is yet to provide a refugee status to the child victims of trafficking that add to their woes, even after they are rehabilitated, in a foreign land (Grover 2006). A video report on child trafficking and child sex industry in Cambodia shows how young girls are lured into the sex industry (Journeyman Pictures 2007). The video demonstrates how the children are driven into prostitution at an early age of 10 years. The video shows mostly the mothers sell their young daughters into the sex industry and it is due to poverty. the report shows that though it is believed that the Cambodian child sex industry developed due to demand from foreign tourists of virgins. But actually, Cambodian men demand for virgin girls, for which this industry developed. Child trafficking is a growing problem globally. The way to counter is not only identification of the victims but also through prevention of the incidence of trafficking. In many cases the children are so brutally abused and traumat ized, rehabilitation is of hardly any use to them.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The aim should be preventing and absolutely doing away with child trafficking rather than identification and protection of victims. However, it is difficult for the government to prevent or stop trafficking for sex trade for a few reasons. First as it is difficult to ascertain the age of the trafficked person and the reason for which she is trafficked. References Beyrer, Chris. 2004. â€Å"Global Child Trafficking.† Lancet 364(1):16-17. Grover, Sonja. 2006. â€Å"Denying Right of Trafficked Minors to be Classed as Convention Refugees: The Canadian Case Example.† The International Jornal of Chindren’s Rights 14:235-249. Journeyman Pictures. 2007. â€Å"Stolen Innocence – Cambodia.† YouTube. Retrieved (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4ieL2PezjE). Larsen, Jacqueline J. 2011. â€Å"The trafficking of children in the Asia-Pacific.† Trends and Issues in crime and criminal justice, Australian Institute of Criminology, Australian Governement. Raffe rty, Yvonne. 2007. â€Å"Children for Sale: Child Trafficking in Southeast Asia.† Child Abuse Review 16:401-422. Staiger, Ines. 2005. â€Å"Trafficking in Children for the purpose of Sexual Exploitation in the EU.† European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 13(4):603-624. UNICEF. 2005. â€Å"Combating Child Trafficking.† UNICEF. Retrieved (https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_33882.html). This essay on Child Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation was written and submitted by user Konner Little to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Information Technology and Its Importance essays

Information Technology and It's Importance essays Computers can be considered one of the most important of all modern inventions. One can go so far as to say that without the Computer there would not have been such dramatic technological advances over the years. What is this computer and how is it so important to us' The computer has found its way into almost every aspect of human life today. It is used in the home, in the office, to gather information about outer space even! It was in 1971 that the company Intel released the world's first microprocessor. (Computers, from the past to the present: The Altair) This was in reality an integrated circuit that was able to process small bits of data at a time. This system was so practically useful that the common man could now dream of actually owning a computer for his own use, rather than assuming that only the military and other such departments were permitted The famous Bill Gates and Paul Allen developed the first BASIC compiler and sold it to the company called MITS. It was from this that Microsoft was born. BASIC, in other words, is Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was meant of provide computer scientists with an easier method of developing code and programs with interactive properties. Soon others started to develop computer languages and in addition to Basic, Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, and C were developed. Now it was time for the manufacture of personal computers or PCs. Apple released the Mackintosh that boasted of a GUI or Graphical User Interface, and a mouse. IBM released the 286-AT that soon became a hot favorite of business concerns because of its facility with applications like Lotus1-2-3, and the The personal computer of today allows users easy access to applications like word processors for creating text, graphic ut...

Current Events in Public Health Leadership - Servant Leadership Assignment

Current Events in Public Health Leadership - Servant Leadership - Assignment Example A lady suffering from lung cancer attended hospital for three weeks to receive her chemotherapy. During her time in the hospital, she received attendance from a chief nurse and junior nurses who worked under her. In the course of treatment, the chief nurse would come and assist the junior nurses to perform their duties. The head nurse was kind and did not mind showing her subjects what to do, and she consistently engaged in offering her assistance to the junior nurses. She also provided them with advice and offered each of the opportunity to consult and get the right instructions. A nurse servant leader often looks at the needs of the staff members and makes inquires of them on the best ways to promote and solve their personal problems. The instance described above depicts the true qualities of a servant leader who continuously engaged in assisting the junior nurses at the hospital. The leadership techniques used in the case above were effective since it enabled the junior nurses to develop the character of servant leader (Anonson et al. 2009). Through the actions of the manager nurse, the junior nurses developed important skills that were effective in their career. Some of the leadership characteristics portrayed by the nurse manager include the ability to listen, in which case she kept listening to the needs of the junior nurses. After listening and understanding their needs, she empathizes with them and offers them their support (Ayman, Chemers, & Fiedler, 1995). They also promote awareness and healing among the junior servants by attempting to resolve their problems and use a high degree of emotional intelligence to help them find a solution to their problems. In the above instance, the servant leadership enabled the junior nurses to observe and understand what was needed to be done to enable attainment of perfect results.

Busiess Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Busiess Taxation - Essay Example this expenditure is not an operational variable, it is charged in the balance sheet as an asset rather than expenditure in the profit and loss account. However, usage of the fixed asset over time is shown in the profit and loss account as a depreciating charge. Tax is applicable for companies on profit figure at the end of the tax year. Since the tax is fixed rate, the higher the profit the company shows, the higher tax it has to pay. Therefore to evade paying higher taxes, companies understate their profits by depreciating their fixed assets on a high value. This reduces the profit and hence the tax payable. Since this practise promotes immoral and unfair picture of the accounts, the government of UK introduced the concept of Capital Allowance through corporation tax. The case of IR Commrs vs Duke of Westminster (1936), exactly points out this need where it states that everyone â€Å"is entitled, if he can, to order his affairs, so that the tax attaching under the appropriate acts is less than it would otherwise be†. The government has fixed a rate of relief that is received on the purchase of capital goods. Companies can claim this type of tax relief when buying and investing. In practice this does the exact same thing a depreciation does since a company is able to set off a proportion of the costs of purchases against the profits it makes so that the total tax bill is reduced. Most capital allowances allow you to write off a percentage of the value of the asset against profits over several years. They are available at a variety of rates and these rates depend on the product bought, the time it was bought in, the nature of the asset and the size of your business. (Georgina, 2006; S. J. D. 2007) As mentioned in the previous section, tax relief can be claimed by companies on the purchase of capital goods. According to the Business Links Website, these capital allowances are available on three types of products, plant and machinery, buildings and research and

Analysing Regeneration Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Tourism Essay

Analysing Regeneration Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Tourism Essay Urban tourism has, in one form or other, been with us since Mesopotamia and Sumeria were spawning the phenomenon of urbanization. People with the means and inclination to do so have been drawn to towns and cities just to visit and experience a multiplicity of things to see and doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦These (towns and cities) were the melting pots of national culture, art, music, literature and of course magnificent architecture and urban design. It was the concentration, variety, and quality of these activities and attributes that created their attraction and put certain towns and cities on the tourism mapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Karski, 1990 A. Karski, Urban Tourism: A Key to Urban Regeneration?, The Planner 76 (13) (1990), pp. 15-17. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7)Karski 1990, p. 15). Newcastle Upon-Tyne played a great part in the industrial revolution the period between the eighteenth and nineteenth century where there was major change in Western Europe, changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and transport had adverse impacts on the social economic conditions, Newcastle was prominently dominated by chemical, iron and steel industries.  [1]  (LAW 1993) cites In the last 15 years or so urban policy-makers have sought to develop tourism in an attempt to compensate for the contraction of those economic activities, such as traditional manufacturing industry, which have undergone a structural crisis in many West European and North American cities. In order to compete in the new environment created by the process of economic restructuring, urban policy-makers have created new, or enhanced old, tourist attractions and facilities. State ownership, although originally conceived as a means of safeguarding These provided the ground work for a new approach, in whic h towns and cities were regarded as multi-functional areas, meeting the demand generated by urban tourists and, indeed, stimulating some of that demand themselves (Page et al., 2001, p336-7).g employment, had become a mechanism of retrenchment and restructuring. Privatization of the basic industries, as part of the Thatcherism free-market policies of the 1980s and 1990s signalled the final run-down of these industries (e.g. Hudson, 1989; Robinson, et al, 1987; Tomaney, 2003; Tomaney, et al, 1999). Today tourism is one of the largest consuming industry consuming substantial amounts of space within the urban destination with Gospodini 2001 stating that large attractions e.g. theme parks/ museums contribute to this consumption. Urban tourism is distinguishable from other forms of tourism by a number of features which, while they are not applicable to all urban destinations and may be applicable to some non-urban destinations, characterize urban tourism destinations as a whole. Significant numbers of tourists in urban areas are visiting for a primary purpose other than leisure, including business, conferences, shopping, and visiting friends and relatives. Local residents (and commuters) are also significant (often majority) users of attractions and of infrastructure which has generally been developed for non-tourism purposes within urban destinations often the number; variety and scale of primary and secondary attractions are large. Men make their own history, according to Karl Marx, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past. Newcastle like many European Cities has seen terrible time with high levels of unemployment in the 1970s in the context of increasing national economic difficulty there was a great decline in the manufacturing industry in the North, demographic trends resulted in a huge influx of young people on to the labour market and the labour force employed in manufacturing continued to decline there were other contributing factors for the decline for example de-industrialisation and technological advancement, the growth of manufacturing in low-cost countries, the outcome was raising unemployment. De-industrialisation The term de-industrialisation has come into common usage in recent years to describe (and perhaps emotionally charge) what is perceived as Britains manufacturing decline. As the volume of the employed population engaged manufacturing declined, technological advance served to alter the occupational composition of remaining employment by reducing the number of manual tasks required in production while simultaneously increasing the number of employees in non-production functions, concerned with the processing, compiling and communication of information (CRUM and GUDGIN, 1978; STEPHENS and HOLLY, 1981) Technological advancement As the volume of the employed population engaged in manufacturing declined, technological advance served to alter the occupational composition of remaining employment by reducing the number of manual tasks required in production while simultaneously increasing the number of employees in non-production functions, concerned with the processing, compiling and communication of information (CRUM and GUDGIN, 1978; STEPHENS and HOLLY, 1981). This growth in information related activities in manufacturing may be related to both substitution of information for non information labour arising from changes in labour cost differentials, and the substitution of capital for non-information labour (OECD, 1981). Thus technological change may be conceptualised as requiring a rise in skill levels and a technologisation (TOFT JENSEN et af., 1983) of the workforce as the remaining jobs become increasingly specialised and technical in nature. However, at the same time as new technologies have led to a shif t towards jobs with a high technological content (which we may expect to see reflected in an increasing proportion of employees in managerial and professional occupations), Manufacturing in low-cost countries The threat of competition from many of Asias manufacturing countries has been a growing concern for many European and Western countries since the early 70s with the decline of the manufacturing industry in the UK, politicians and policy-makers, and CEOs and line employees have all focused on the perception that Asias competitive advantage is based on low wages and an undervalued currency, and that this Juggernaut is overwhelming, leaving small European manufacturers with no chance or ability to Compete against them, Asia has various cost advantages:- Asias ready access to cheap labour enables Chinese companies to pay on average 76 cents per hour (1/36th the average labour rate of the E.U.) With nearly 1500 million inhabitants in Asia seeking a better way of life in the East, manufacturing plants provide improved pay and living conditions, including free housing, food, and medical care. This nearly inexhaustible supply of labour is bound to keep wages low for many years. Low cost of materials and components, stemming from the low labour rates of local suppliers, companies producing in Asia benefit, in some cases, from lower cost of materials and inputs. Undervalued Asias aggressive currency policies have kept the currency artificially low, not allowing it to float freely compared to foreign currencies. The result is that goods exported from Asia to the U.S. or EU is artificially low in price. Government incentives and less regulation. An example of Asias competitiveness is the Chinese government who offer tax breaks and other financial incentives to multinational corporations (MNCs) that engage in joint ventures in China. These MNCs are also often attracted by the opportunity to do business while being subject to little or no environmental, health or safety regulations. Newcastles revival and mechanisms used for this. The emergence of a state managed region, the strengthening of regional policy aimed at tackling the problems of industrial regions like the North East included restrictions on development in efforts to shift investment to development areas and meant that the region became a focus for mobile forms of manufacturing investment, especially for labour intensive forms of investment from UK and US companies. Alongside the restructuring of manufacturing, the North East also participated in the general growth of service industries which emerged as the most important provider of employment. The growth of services in the North East (when compared to other regions of the UK) rested disproportionately on the expansion of the public sector (often through state-directed relocations of civil service jobs) while business services, for instance, tended to be under-represented (Robinson,1987 and Marshall, 1982). The physical regeneration of some parts of the region, notably the Newcastle-Gateshead quayside area, was a significant development at the turn of the 21st century. Property development and culture-led regeneration in the urban core helped to alter the image of the region, but such developments tended to divert attention from the chronic underlying weakness of the regional economy (Byrne and Wharton, 2004; Robinson, 2002). Tourism can be placed high on the list of impacts that have helped the North East to revitalise itself, from the last decade investment in the regeneration of the inner city, the West End and East End. The Citys reputation as a regional shopping centre has been enhanced by the development of shopping precincts such as Eldon Square (opened in 1976), Eldon Gardens (1989), Monument Mall (1992) and pedestrianisation of Northumberland Street, upper Grainger Street, Blackett and Grey Street (1998). In the 1990s and through in to the 21st century Newcastle has been underg oing regeneration to re-establish the city as a vibrant and stylish regional capital and halt the population decline. The local councils and forming bodies published a regeneration strategy for fifteen year the regeneration strategy gave a flavour of the broad remit of regeneration these included:- Strengthening the economy Improving transport and connectivity Providing the right choice of homes Transforming education and skills Ensuring wellbeing and health Promoting inclusion and social cohesion Newcastles councils overall aim was to create a vibrant modern, safe, inclusive European City by building on the heritage, cultural and economic strengths of Newcastle plus improving the quality of life all people and communities in Newcastle and playing a leading role in the sustainable growth and prosperity of the region. Between 1970 and early 1980 the inner city was declared an industry improvement area (the first in Newcastle) in response to change in government policy to revive derelict areas through industry i.e. creating business opportunity around the region engineering, import on construction material and tourism industry, there was a large emphasis with the local council on improving local infrastructure to support local businesses with upgrading local roads and highways plus ensuring that business awards were granted in 1982 the metro bridge was opened by Queen Elizabeth II the metro bridge links the metro light railway systems on each side of the river metro trains ran from Haymarket to Gateshead and Heworth later to Sunderland plus South Shields the metro system allowed both sides of the Tyne to better connected enabling a far greater experience for visitor and residents allowing easier access to the town centre the hub of business services in Newcastle, Grainger Town which is considered t he historic heart of Newcastle Upon Tyne between the 80 and early 1990, this once prosperous area which was on the decline was taken over by a new centre of retail and commercial activity the area has had an investment of  £120 million poured into it from both public and private investment. The region also embraced its emergence as a party city heavily promoting the leisure opportunities available at the city most of which revolved around the nightlife and social consumption of alcohol (Newcastle City Council, 2008). Indeed this fame reached international levels with US travel consultants Weissmann Travel rating Newcastle as the eighth best party city in the world (Nayak, 2003: 66), the major investment associated with the NewcastleGateshead Initiative has seen a number of iconic cultural projects materialize in recent years. The BALTIC which opened in 2002 was a  £50 million project which saw the conversion of a disused 1950s flour mill into an international centre for contempo rary art. This was followed in 2004 by the Sage Gateshead a  £70 million music and performance centre located on the Gateshead Quayside. The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, which opened in 2001 at a cost of  £22 million, is a pedestrian and cycle bridge which gained international fame as the worlds first tilting bridge. The NewcastleGatesHead Initiative was established in 2000 to develop a regeneration strategy for the area the river Tyne provided the focal point for a variety of iconic culture-led flagship regeneration programmes and projects one of many famous culture lead land marks that the NewcastleGatesHead Initiative made possible was the 65 foot high sculpture done by Antony Gormley the angel of the north which brought great publicity to Newcastle and changed consumer perception of the region. For the Conservation and regeneration of this region funding from both public and private finance was invested into the region from various sources, some are identified below; Gateshead Council The ERDF The heritage lottery fund Public funding Single regeneration budget Challenge fund Private sector Learning and skills council From the regeneration over the last 3 decades Newcastle has improved on all primary elements of tourism (Figure 1) especially additional elements and secondary as a result of tourism development in the region other industries are attracted to Newcastle for business Tourism has helped to enhance the physical, economic and social regeneration of the region (Figure 2) Figure 1urb036 Figure 2 law Conclusions to enable to you to make a critical appraisal of applicability of Laws model Newcastle upon Tyne is defiantly a city which can be sold as a product on the Tourism market, since the 1980s there has been increasing recognition of the importance of tourism to UK cities (Law, 1993). The growing emphasis on urban tourism as an area of economic growth for cities has come about through realisation that urban tourism acts as an important catalyst for the economic, social and physical regeneration of the city, creating benefits for residents of the city as well as for industries located there. Moreover, tourism is perceived as an environmentally friendly, yet labour intensive, industry which can benefit cities through income and job creation, particularly in the wake of the decline of traditional economic activities (Law, 1993) . The localism model proposed by the Tories in the 80s and early nineties gave way to New Labours regional development plans and the establishment of the regional development agencies (RDA). As Deas Ward (2000, p.279) state the aim of the RDA programme was to provide effective and properly coordinated regional economic development by managing land assembly, physical regeneration, local economic development and inward investment. These provided the ground work for a new approach, in which towns and cities were regarded as multi-functional areas, meeting the demand generated by urban tourists and, indeed, stimulating some of that demand themselves (Page et al., 2001, p336-7). It was in such an era of change that Law (1993, p. 24-31) drew up what could be called a strategy for urban tourism, constructing a model whose various component parts were interlinked and crucial to the physical, economic and social regeneration of the urban environment it is a complex of activities that are interlinked in a particular milieu and enables cities to attract tourists (Law, 2000, as cited in Thomas, 2004, p.241. Key elements in current urban policy, as he noted, involved an emphasis on economic policies; an emphasis on obtaining private investment; an emphasis on property development; public sector investment in infrastructure; a focus on the city centre and finally, the creation of flagship projects whose scale and impact generate a positive public image of the new urban landscape. This idea of image, although it may sound somewhat vague and theoretical is regarded by a number of commentators as of crucial importance as negative perceptions can undermine regeneration and destroy the confidence of local communities leading to the idea of a lost city with no clear identity or brand (Trueman, et al., 2007, p.20) Law took the view that tourism provides an over arching framework which involves the provision of a physical environment and infrastructure conducive to the development of facilities and the generation of activities which will be of benefit to the local community, but will further involve the projection of the city as an area suitable for industrial and commercial activity. Those elements which may be termed primary attractors are museums, art galleries, concert halls, conference centres, exhibition halls and other ancillary elements. A city, however, must also be a place which attracts not just tourists, but those who want to live and work there on a permanent basis; as such, it must persuade potential residents, business professionals and executives that it is capable of providing a lifestyle in keeping with their tastes and needs, to con clude Newcastle upon-Tyne has managed through its regeneration to comply to Laws 1993 book Urban Tourism attracting visitors to large cities.